Table 1 Description and comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients between intervention and control groups

Demographic characteristics

 Age (year)

58.83 ± 13.56

59.56 ± 13.27

0.677

 Gender

  Male

36 (49.5%)

39 (50.5%)

0.567†

  Female

31 (53.8%)

27 (46.2%)

 Past medical history

 Diabetes

36 (48.0%)

39 (52.0%)

0.549†

 Hypertension

38 (52.1%)

35 (47.9%)

0.740†

 Cardiovascular disease

18 (48.6%)

19 (51.4%)

0.790†

 Smoking

  Cigarette

8 (50.0%)

8 (50.0%)

0.961†

  Hookah

6 (50.0%)

6 (50.0%)

0.966†

Clinical parameters and Arterial Blood Gas

 O2 Sat %

86.79 ± 7.62

86.26 ± 6.64

0.352‡

 PaO2 mmHg

49.05 ± 37.49

42.63 ± 17.33

0.044‡

 PCO2 mmHg

46.67 ± 39.77

40.17 ± 10.16

0.039‡

 HCO3 mEq/L

27.0 ± 9.54

24.37 ± 5.45

0.002‡

 Ph

7.40 ± 0.08

7.39 ± 0.07

0.547‡

 Temperature

37.12 ± 0.56

36.83 ± 2.07

0.081‡

 Calcium (mg/dL)

8.57 ± 0.77

8.47 ± 0.82

0.269‡

 Phosphorus (mg/dL)

4.02 ± 0.95

3.98 ± 1.09

0.755‡

 Magnesium (mg/dL)

2.28 ± 0.27

2.25 ± 0.34

0.459‡

Liver function tests and vitamin D

 Vitamin D (ng/mL)

  Baseline

23.34 ± 18.47

23.07 ± 16.12

0.680‡

  After 1-month

34.49 ± 17.51

28.17 ± 18.60

0.008‡

 ALT (U/L)

  Baseline

36.0 (21.0–68.0)

35.0 (23.0–71.0)

0.569‡

  After 1-month

33.0 (16.0–43.0)

29.0 (18.0–46.0)

0.757‡

 AST (U/L L)

  Baseline

40.0 (26.7–63.5)

37.0 (25.0–60.0)

0.679‡

  After 1-month

21.0 (16.0–28.0)

21.0 (15.2–29.0)

0.913‡

 ALP (U/L)

  Baseline

192.0 (158.0–277.5)

182.5 (136.2–267.5)

0.264‡

  After 1-month

207.0 (172.5–249.7)

219.5 (174.7–270.7)

0.273‡

 GGT (IU/L)

  Baseline

48.0 (29.0–87.5)

45.5 (26.2–77.5)

0.401‡

  After 1-month

12.0 (8.0–19.0)

18.0 (10.0–33.0)

0.010‡

 LDH (units/L)

  Baseline

432.0 (350.0–622.0)

498.5 (359.2–632.7)

0.379‡

  After 1-month

359.0 (278.0–514.0)

340.0 (303.0–429.0)

0.833‡