Diet, physical activity, and UV protection comprehensively influenced vitamin D status in college students: a cross-section study from China

Table3 Multivariate linear regression analysis on the association of dietary factors with serum 25(OH)D₃ levels (n = 1,667)

Food items	β value	Standard β value	P value
Refined rice, steamed
< 200 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 200 g /d	0.03	0.04	0.09
Refined rice, porridge
< 50 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 50 g /d	0.05	0.02	0.34
Refined wheat products
< 50 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 50 g /d	− 0.01	− 0.02	0.47
Desserts
< 25 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 25 g /d	− 0.007	− 0.01	0.72
Whole grains
< 25 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 25 g /d	0.02	0.03	0.35
Tubers
< 25 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 25 g /d	− 0.005	− 0.007	0.77
Milk and yogurt
< 200 mL /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 200 mL /d	0.05	0.08	0.002
Eggs
< 50 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 50 g /d	0.01	0.02	0.45
Livestock meat
< 100 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 100 g /d	− 0.001	− 0.002	0.94
Poultry meat
< 50 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 50 g /d	− 0.01	− 0.02	0.46
River fish, shrimp and crab
< 25 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 25 g /d	0.03	0.04	0.14
Sea fish, shrimp and crab
< 25 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 25 g /d	− 0.02	− 0.03	0.37
Soybeans and Soy products
< 25 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 25 g /d	0.01	0.02	0.50
Nuts and seeds
< 10 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 10 g /d	− 0.01	− 0.02	0.55
Dark vegetables
< 100 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 100 g /d	0.001	0.002	0.95
Light color vegetables
< 50 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 50 g /d	− 0.003	− 0.005	0.86
Mushrooms
< 25 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 25 g /d	− 0.02	− 0.03	0.25
Fruits
< 100 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 100 g /d	0.03	0.05	0.07
Puffed foods
< 25 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 25 g /d	0.003	0.004	0.87
Candy
< 10 g /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 10 g /d	− 0.04	− 0.05	0.048
Sugary drinks
< 100 mL /d	Ref	Ref	Ref
≥ 100 mL /d	− 0.03	− 0.04	0.16
Taken calcium or vitamin D supplements within 3 months
No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	0.07	0.05	0.03

Multivariate linear regression analysis model was used, adjusted for age, gender and total energy intake

ISSN: 2072-1315