Table 3 Anthropometric and antenatal characteristics of respondents (N = 356)
Background characteristics | Frequency distribution | Bivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Proportion | Low birthweight | Macrosomia | Normal birthweight | p value†| |
n | % | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Â | |
Body mass index (BMI)a | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 25 | 7.0 | 5 (6.3) | 4 (12.9) | 16 (6.5) | 0.448 |
Normal BMI (≥ 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) | 229 | 64.3 | 56 (70.9) | 14 (58.1) | 155 (63.0) |  |
Overweight/Obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m2) | 102 | 28.7 | 18 (22.8) | 9 (29.0) | 75 (30.5) |  |
Mean = 23.37, sd = 3.40 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pre-pregnancy weighta | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 50 kg | 42 | 11.8 | 11 (13.9) | 5 (16.1) | 26 (10.6) | 0.533 |
≥ 50 kg | 314 | 88.2 | 68 (86.1) | 26 (83.9) | 220 (89.4) |  |
Height at first antenatal care (ANC) visits a | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
< 150 cm | 13 | 3.7 | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (4.1) | 0.522 |
≥ 150 cm | 343 | 96.3 | 76 (96.2) | 31 (100.0) | 236 (95.9) |  |
Gestational weight gaina | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
< 6 kg | 94 | 26.4 | 31 (39.2) | 3 (9.7) | 60 (24.4) | 0.003* |
≥ 6 kg | 262 | 73.6 | 48 (60.8) | 28 (90.3) | 186 (75.6) |  |
Mean = 6.47, sd = 2.16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Childbirth height/lengthb | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
≤ 47.5 cm | 72 | 20.2 | 32 (40.5) | 2 (6.5) | 38 (15.5) |  < 0.001* |
> 47.5 cm | 284 | 79.8 | 47 (59.5) | 29 (93.5) | 208 (84.5) |  |
Mean = 47.35, sd = 2.71 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of ANC visits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 8 visits | 191 | 53.7 | 63 (79.7) | 5 (16.1) | 123 (50.0) |  < 0.001* |
≥ 8 visits | 165 | 46.3 | 16 (20.3) | 26 (83.9) | 123 (50.0) |  |
Place of ANC visits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hospital | 175 | 49.2 | 40 (50.6) | 15 (48.4) | 120 (48.8) | 0.956 |
Health centre | 181 | 50.8 | 39 (49.4) | 16 (51.6) | 126 (51.2) | Â |
Family planning (FP) use before last pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
No FP use | 232 | 65.2 | 50 (63.3) | 20 (64.5) | 162 (65.8) | 0.914 |
FP use | 124 | 34.8 | 29 (36.7) | 11 (35.5) | 84 (34.2) | Â |
Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No ITNs use | 138 | 38.8 | 46 (58.2) | 10 (32.3) | 82 (33.3) |  < 0.001* |
ITNs use | 218 | 61.2 | 33 (41.8) | 21. (67.1) | 164 (66.7) | Â |
ITNs frequency of use (n = 218) |  |  |  |  |  | |
Every night | 179 | 82.1 | 25 (75.8) | 17 (80.9) | 137 (83.5) | 0.562 |
Sometimes | 39 | 17.9 | 8 (24.2) | 4 (19.1) | 27 (16.5) | Â |
Number of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) intake | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
None | 18 | 5.1 | 8 (10.1) | 1 (3.2) | 9 (3.7) | 0.002* |
1–3 doses | 141 | 39.6 | 40 (50.6) | 6 (19.4) | 95 (38.6) |  |
> 3 doses | 197 | 55.3 | 31 (39.2) | 24 (77.4) | 142 (57.7) |  |
Dewormer (anthelminthics) intake | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
No intake | 218 | 61.2 | 46 (58.2) | 16 (51.6) | 156 (63.4) | 0.367 |
Intake | 138 | 38.8 | 33 (41.8) | 15 (48.4) | 90 (36.6) | Â |
Iron/folic acid (IFA) intake | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No IFA intake | 13 | 3.7 | 4 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (3.7) | 0.444 |
IFA intake | 343 | 96.3 | 75 (94.9) | 31 (100.0) | 237 (96.3) | Â |
Tetanus diphtheria (TD) immunization | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not immunized | 26 | 7.3 | 7 (8.9) | 3 (9.7) | 16 (6.5) | 0.679 |
Immunized | 330 | 92.7 | 72 (91.1) | 28 (90.3) | 230 (93.5) | Â |
Reception of nutrition education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Not received | 47 | 13.2 | 11 (13.9) | 7 (22.6) | 29 (11.8) | 0.241 |
Received | 309 | 86.8 | 68 (86.1) | 24 (77.4) | 217 (88.2) | Â |