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Table 2 Subgroup analysis for the association between screen time and hypertension among children and adolescents

From: Prolonged screen watching behavior is associated with high blood pressure among children and adolescents: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

Group

No. of studies*

OR (95% CI)

Pwithin group

Pbetween group *

Pheterogeneity

I2 (%)

Total

15 (with 44 individual studies)

1.153

1.076

1.234

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

83.2

Continent

     

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 

America

9

1.325

1.015

1.730

0.038

 

 < 0.001

72.2

Europe

25

1.055

1.018

1.093

0.003

 

 < 0.001

59.1

Asia

5

1.034

0.951

1.124

0.432

 

0.024

64.6

Australia

5

1.460

0.947

2.252

0.087

 

0.229

28.9

Screen type

     

 < 0.001

  

TV

6

1.333

0.863

2.060

0.195

 

 < 0.001

85.4

Video game, TV, PC

32

1.050

1.021

1.079

0.001

 

0.002

47.2

Video game, PC

1

0.770

0.344

1.722

0.524

 

–

0

TV, video game

1

1.470

1.225

1.763

 < 0.001

 

–

0

PC, video game

1

1.000

0.874

1.145

0.99

 

–

0

CF

1

2.205

1.273

3.820

0.005

 

–

0

PC

2

1.233

0.723

2.100

0.442

 

0.144

53.1

HTN type

     

 < 0.001

  

ISH

9

1.026

0.990

1.063

0.164

 

0.269

19.6

IDH

7

1.028

0.989

1.070

0.160

 

0.124

40.1

Total HTN

28

1.169

1.086

1.258

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

70.1

Gender

     

 < 0.001

  

Boys

12

1.070

1.012

1.131

0.017

 

0.005

59.3

Girls

11

1.012

0.987

1.038

0.332

 

0.865

0.0

Both

21

1.189

1.084

1.303

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

73.4

Age group

     

 < 0.001

  

Children

17

1.038

1.009

1.067

0.011

 

0.017

47.1

Adolescents

10

1.262

0.951

1.674

0.107

 

0.052

46.4

Both

17

1.148

1.046

1.260

0.004

 

 < 0.001

74.8

Setting

     

 < 0.001

  

Community

10

1.142

1.031

1.263

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

73.7

School

33

1.053

1.016

1.090

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

55.2

Clinic-based

1

3.290

1.948

5.555

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

0

ST measurement tool

     

 < 0.001

  

Accelerometer

10

1.017

0.994

1.040

0.152

 

0.734

0.0

Questionnaire

34

1.076

1.037

1.117

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

67.9

Sample size

     

 < 0.001

  

1000>

21

1.063

0.978

1.156

0.148

 

 < 0.001

60.1

1000–5000

20

1.091

1.039

1.147

0.001

 

 < 0.001

69.4

 ≥ 5000

3

1.089

1.023

1.160

0.008

 

0.043

68.1

Study quality*

     

 < 0.001

  

Moderate

18

1.074

1.024

1.127

0.003

 

0.012

48.1

High

26

1.080

1.024

1.139

0.005

 

 < 0.001

72.6

  1. TV television, PC personal computer, VG video game, CF cell phone, ISH isolated systolic hypertension, IDH isolated diastolic hypertension, ST screen time
  2. *Low quality = 0–3; moderate quality = 4–7; high quality ≥ 8
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Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

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