Table 3 Individual and community-level factors associated with MDD among 6–23 months old children in Gambia, GDHS 2019/20, (n = 2100)
Independent variables | Null model | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Poorer | 0.93 (0.65, 1.34) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.39) | ||
Middle | 1.54 (1.04, 2.21) | 1.53 (0.99, 2.35) | ||
Richer | 1.70 (1.11, 2.59) | 1.70 (1.02, 2.85) * | ||
Richest | 1.19 (0.72, 1.99) | 1.19 (0.65, 2.19) | ||
Educational status | ||||
No formal education | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Primary | 1.20 (0.88, 1.63) | 1.18 (0.87, 1.60) | ||
Secondary | 1.19 (0.89, 1.60) | 1.17 (0.87, 1.57) | ||
Higher | 1.77 (0.88, 3.58) | 1.74 (0.86, 3.49) | ||
Watching to television | ||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Yes | 0.96 (0.72, 1.27) | 0.96 (0.72, 1.27) | ||
Listening to radio | ||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Yes | 1.15 (0.90, 1.46) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | ||
Reading to magazine/newspaper | ||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Yes | 2.71 (1.09, 6.73) | 2.51 (1.02, 6.21) * | ||
ANC follow-up | ||||
At least three times | Ref. | Ref. | ||
More than three times | 0.83 (0.62, 1.11) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | ||
Child age in month | ||||
6–11 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
12–17 | 4.14 (2.98, 5.76) | 4.14 (2.98, 5.76) * | ||
18–23 | 4.99 (3.54, 7.01) | 4.97 (3.54, 6.98) * | ||
Community ANC utilization | ||||
Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
High | 0.85 (0.65, 1.12) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | ||
Types of place of residence | ||||
Urban | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Rural | 0.90 (0.61, 1.34) | 1.18 (0.75, 1.85) | ||
Regions | ||||
Banjul | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Kanifing | 0.44 (0.23, 0.83) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.94) * | ||
Brikama | 0.80 (0.45, 1.41) | 0.86 (0.48, 1.56) | ||
Mansakonko | 0.51 (0.24, 1.06) | 0.54 (0.25, 1.16) | ||
Kerewan | 0.46 (0.24, 0.91) | 0.51 (0.25, 1.03) | ||
Kuntaur | 0.66 (0.33, 1.34) | 0.82 (0.39, 1.69) | ||
Janjanbureh | 0.34 (0.16, 0.71) | 0.38 (0.18, 0.82) * | ||
Base | 0.46 (0.24, 0.87) | 0.51 (0.26, 0.99) * | ||
Random parameters and model comparison | ||||
Community-level variance | 0.45 (0.25, 0.81) | 0.39 (0.21, 0.75) | 0.33 (0.17, 0.67) | 0.31 (0.15, 0.66) |
ICC (%) | 12.04 | 10.61 | 9.24 | 8.65 |
MOR (CI, 95%) | 1.90 (1.54, 2.25) | 1.82 (1.46, 2.17) | 1.74 (1.41, 2.07) | 1.70 (1.36, 2.05) |
PCV (%) | Reference | 13.33 | 26.67 | 31.11 |
Log-likelihood (LLR) | − 1081.65 | − 1009.21 | − 1069.29 | − 1000.57 |
DIC (-2LLR) | 2163.30 | 2018.42 | 2138.58 | 2001.14 |