Table 1 Comparisons of baseline characteristics of participants survived and dead

Age, years, n (%)

χ² = 348.740

 < 0.001

 < 65

3123 (57.28)

2938 (62.19)

185 (25.41)

 ≥ 65

2329 (42.72)

1786 (37.81)

543 (74.59)

Gender, n (%)

χ² = 40.384

 < 0.001

 Female

2513 (46.09)

2257 (47.78)

256 (35.16)

 Male

2939 (53.91)

2467 (52.22)

472 (64.84)

Race, n (%)

χ² = 115.632

 < 0.001

 Other

2651 (48.62)

2432 (51.48)

219 (30.08)

 White

2801 (51.38)

2292 (48.52)

509 (69.92)

Education, n (%)

χ² = 41.367

 < 0.001

 High School of above

2991 (54.86)

2672 (56.56)

319 (43.82)

 High School or below

2461 (45.14)

2052 (43.44)

409 (56.18)

Marital status, n (%)

χ² = 40.395

 < 0.001

 Married

3317 (60.84)

2952 (62.49)

365 (50.14)

 Other

2135 (39.16)

1772 (37.51)

363 (49.86)

 PIR, M (Q₁,Q₃)

2.64 (1.46, 4.62)

2.77 (1.51, 4.81)

2.06 (1.20, 3.33)

Drinking, n (%)

χ² = 0.014

0.906

 No

1473 (27.02)

1275 (26.99)

198 (27.20)

 Yes

3979 (72.98)

3449 (73.01)

530 (72.80)

Smoking, n (%)

χ² = 48.821

 < 0.001

 No

2754 (50.51)

2474 (52.37)

280 (38.46)

 Yes

2698 (49.49)

2250 (47.63)

448 (61.54)

 METs, M (Q₁, Q₃)

480.00 (200.00, 1200.00)

480.00 (230.00, 1200.00)

300.00 (120.00, 960.00)

Hypertension, n (%)

χ² = 43.507

 < 0.001

 No

2149 (39.42)

1943 (41.13)

206 (28.30)

 Yes

3303 (60.58)

2781 (58.87)

522 (71.70)

Diabetes, n (%)

χ² = 0.439

0.508

 No

2203 (40.41)

1917 (40.58)

286 (39.29)

 Yes

3249 (59.59)

2807 (59.42)

442 (60.71)

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

χ² = 0.308

0.579

 No

900 (16.51)

785 (16.62)

115 (15.80)

 Yes

4552 (83.49)

3939 (83.38)

613 (84.20)

CVDs, n (%)

χ² = 170.496

 < 0.001

 No

4427 (81.20)

3964 (83.91)

463 (63.60)

 Yes

1025 (18.80)

760 (16.09)

265 (36.40)

Parents previous fracture, n (%)

χ² = 1.707

0.191

 No

4876 (89.44)

4235 (89.65)

641 (88.05)

 Yes

576 (10.56)

489 (10.35)

87 (11.95)

Previous fracture, n (%)

χ² = 9.136

0.003

 No

5371 (98.51)

4663 (98.71)

708 (97.25)

 Yes

81 (1.49)

61 (1.29)

20 (2.75)

Glucocorticoid use, n (%)

χ² = 19.283

 < 0.001

 No

5328 (97.73)

4633 (98.07)

695 (95.47)

 Yes

124 (2.27)

91 (1.93)

33 (4.53)

Anti-osteoporosis therapy, n (%)

χ² = 8.143

0.004

 No

5277 (96.79)

4585 (97.06)

692 (95.05)

 Yes

175 (3.21)

139 (2.94)

36 (4.95)

BMI, kg/m², n (%)

χ² = 21.355

 < 0.001

 Obesity

1937 (35.53)

1716 (36.33)

221 (30.36)

 Overweight

2098 (38.48)

1829 (38.72)

269 (36.95)

 Underweight & Normal

1417 (25.99)

1179 (24.96)

238 (32.69)

 Waist circumference, cm, Mean ± SD

100.35 ± 13.72

100.37 ± 13.61

100.20 ± 14.45

 Total 25 Hydroxyvitamin D, mcg, M (Q₁, Q₃)

69.50 (53.30, 88.16)

69.90 (53.45, 88.65)

67.80 (52.60, 84.58)

 Energy, kcal, M (Q₁, Q₃)

1834.75 (1417.75, 2358.50)

1847.25 (1425.50, 2379.75)

1769.00 (1380.00, 2232.00)

 Calcium, mg, M (Q₁, Q₃)

806.50 (575.25, 1100.25)

808.50 (579.50, 1101.25)

796.00 (556.25, 1092.75)

 Vitamin D, mcg, M (Q₁, Q₃)

3.70 (2.00, 6.10)

3.65 (2.00, 6.05)

3.95 (2.23, 6.50)

Dietary supplements taken, n (%)

χ² = 2.970

0.085

 Yes

3525 (64.66)

3075 (65.09)

450 (61.81)

 No

1927 (35.34)

1649 (34.91)

278 (38.19)

Menopausal, n (%)

χ² = 47.352

 < 0.001

 Inapplicable (Male)

2939 (53.91)

2467 (52.22)

472 (64.84)

 No

288 (5.28)

273 (5.78)

15 (2.06)

 Yes

2225 (40.81)

1984 (42.00)

241 (33.10)

Hormonetherapy, n (%)

χ² = 40.637

 < 0.001

 Yes

175 (3.21)

160 (3.39)

15 (2.06)

 No

2367 (43.42)

2122 (44.92)

245 (33.65)

 Inapplicable

2910 (53.37)

2442 (51.69)

468 (64.29)

Osteopenia, n (%)

χ² = 44.644

 < 0.001

 No

3893 (71.40)

3449 (73.01)

444 (60.99)

 Yes

1559 (28.60)

1275 (26.99)

284 (39.01)

MED, n (%)

χ² = 7.417

0.006

 < 4

1789 (32.81)

1518 (32.13)

271 (37.23)

 ≥ 4

3663 (67.19)

3206 (67.87)

457 (62.77)

 Time, months, M (Q₁, Q₃)

81.00 (35.00, 128.00)

82.00 (34.00, 130.00)

72.00 (39.00, 103.00)