A global systematic overview of socioeconomic factors associated with antidiabetic medication adherence in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Studer, Christian Ming; Linder, Marie; Pazzagli, Laura

doi:10.1186/s41043-023-00459-2

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

Table 1 Economic and social factors investigated in the studies included in the systematic review

From: A global systematic overview of socioeconomic factors associated with antidiabetic medication adherence in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Economic and social factor	Subgroups	Direction of the association with antidiabetic medication adherence
Economic and social factor	Subgroups	Increase	Equal	Decrease
Socioeconomic status	Socioeconomic status	CS: 4 [24,25,26,27]	CS: 7 [28,29,30,31,32,33,34] C: 1 [35]
Occupational status	Occupational status		CS: 16 [25, 32, 36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49] C: 1 [50] I: 1 [51]
	Employed			CS: 1 [52] C: 1 [53]
	Unemployed	CS: 1 [54]	CS: 1 [55]	CS: 1 [56]
	Retired			CS: 1 [57]
	Housewife	CS: 1 [33]
	Type of employment		CS: 1 [58]
	Agricultural job			CS: 1 [31]
Income	High income	CS: 7 [42, 52, 59,60,61,62,63] C: 1 [64] RCT: 1 [65]	CS: 14 [25, 37, 41, 44, 46, 54, 58, 66,67,68,69,70,71,72] I: 1 [51]	CS: 1 [73]
	Daily paid worker			CS: 1 [31]
	Financial hardship			CS: 6 [74,75,76,77,78,79]
	High medication cost*		CS: 1 [80]	CS: 2 [67, 81]
Housing type	Housing status			CS: 1 [82]
	Homeless			C: 1 [83]
	Owning a house		CS: 1 [45]
Insurance Status	Insurance status		CS: 4 [71, 72, 84, 85]
	Medicaid			CS: 1 [77] C: 3 [86,87,88]
	Medicare			C: 2 [86, 88]
	None			CS: 3 [45, 67, 76] C: 1 [87] RCT: 1 [65] I: 1 [89]
	Capitated health plan			CC: 1 [90]
	Commercial insurance	CS: 3 [42, 58, 91]
	Having health coverage	I: 1 [51]
	Higher co-payment			C: 4 [92,93,94,95] C:1 [50] RCT: 1 [65]
Economic support	Social security			CS: 1 [71]
	Economic support by relatives			CS: 1 [76]
Transportation availability	Transportation availability		CS: 1 [36]
Civil status	Civil status		CS: 20 [25, 29, 31, 36, 37, 39, 42, 45, 48, 50, 54, 62, 66, 75, 82, 96,97,98,99,100] C: 1 [83]
	Married	CS: 4 [27, 56, 101, 102] C: 1 [53]		CS: 1 [70]
	Divorced			CS: 1 [103]
	Widow			CS: 1 [103]
	Single			CS: 2 [71, 104]
Living arrangement	Living status		CS: 4 [30, 36, 52, 105] RCT: 1 [106]
	Smaller family size	CS: 1 [91]
	Living alone	CS: 1 [45]
Education	Education status		CS: 36 [25, 28, 30, 31, 37, 43,44,45,46,47, 49, 52, 54, 56, 59,60,61, 67, 70,71,72,73, 75, 81, 82, 85, 97, 98, 101, 107,108,109,110,111,112,113] C: 2 [50, 114] I: 1 [51] RCT: 1 [106]
	Higher education	CS: 14 [24, 27, 36, 38, 41, 42, 55, 63, 91, 100, 102, 115,116,117] C: 2 [53, 64] RCT: 1 [26]		CS: 1 [74]
	Higher education in immigrants	CS: 1 [85]
	Illiterate*		CS: 5 [32,33,34, 46, 118]	CS: 3 [48, 62, 100]
	Numeracy	CS: 2 [72, 118]
	Health literacy	CS: 2 [59, 72] C: 1 [119]	CS: 1 [60]
	Disease knowledge	CS: 1 [62]	CS: 2 [71, 115]
Caste	Caste		CS: 1 [46]
Religion	Religious status	CS: 1 [33]	CS: 5 [32, 36, 37, 48, 81]
	Hindu			CS: 1 [46]
Family support (social)	Family support status	CS: 1 [27]	CS: 1 [115]

Factors marked with *—a study has found an association, but did not state in which direction [105]
Type of study—CS: Cross-sectional, C: Cohort, I: Interventional, RCT: Randomized controlled trial
Bolded numbers—Number of articles
Number in brackets—References to the articles

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ISSN: 2072-1315

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