Ethnical and geographical factors | Subgroups | Direction of the association with antidiabetic medication adherence | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Increase | Equal | Decrease | ||
Ethnicity/race | Ethnicity | CS: 1 [121] | Â | |
 | Non-white |  |  | CS: 1 [60] |
 | Non-European |  |  | C: 1 [126] |
 | African-American |  |  | C: 1 [127] |
 | Black |  |  | CC:1 [90] |
 | Asian | CS: 1 [36] |  |  |
 | Malay |  |  | CS: 1 [111] |
 | Indian | CS: 1 [111] |  |  |
 | Chinese |  | C: 1 [124] | CS: 1 [99] |
 | Japanese |  | C: 1 [124] |  |
 | Filipino |  |  | C: 1 [124] |
 | Saudi Arabian | CS: 1 [101] |  |  |
 | Arab non-Emirati | CS: 1 [36] |  |  |
 | Pacific Islander |  |  | |
 | Maori |  |  | |
 | Latin-American/Hispanic |  |  | CS: 1 [121] |
 | Native Hawaiian |  |  | CS: 1 [124] |
Country of birth | Foreign-born | Â | CS: 1 [85] | Â |
 | US-born |  |  | CS: 1 [71] |
Acculturation | Acculturation | CS: 1 [39] | Â | Â |
 | Believe in traditional Chinese medicine |  |  | CS: 1 [39] |
Accessibility to health care | Accessibility to health care* |  |  |  |
 | Distance to healthcare provider |  |  | |
Area of residence | Area of residence | Â | Â | |
 | Rural | C: 1 [104] |  |  |
 | Urban |  |  | |
 | IMD quintile | C: 1 [125] |  |  |
 | Neighbourhood deprivation |  |  | |
 | Socioeconomic living area |  | C: 1 [126] |  |
Regional differences | Geographical area | C: 1 [104] | Â | |
 | Southern United States |  |  | C: 1 [95] |