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Table 2 Bivariate chi-square analysis of DIBF and maternal factors by home and facility delivery

From: Correlates of non-institutional delivery to delayed initiation of breastfeeding in Nigeria: logit-decomposition and subnational analysis of population-based survey

Factors

Non-institutional deliveries

Institutional deliveries

Timely

Delayed

χ2

p Value

Timely

Delayed

χ2

p Value

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Age group

  

37.03

 < 0.001

  

17.71

 < 0.001

15–24

1056 (9.2)

2053 (17.9)

  

697 (9.1)

762 (10.0)

  

25–34

2067 (18.0)

3219 (28.1)

  

2080 (27.3)

1897 (24.9)

  

35–49

1258 (18.0)

1815 (15.8)

  

1129 (14.8)

1067 (14.0)

  

Place of residence

  

70.26

 < 0.001

  

8.56

0.003

Urban

1297 (11.3)

1527 (13.3)

  

2411 (31.6)

2151 (28.2)

  

Rural

3085 (26.9)

5560 (48.8)

  

1495 (19.6)

1575 (20.6)

  

Education

  

188.37

 < 0.001

  

37.09

 < 0.001

No formal education

2636 (23.0)

4949 (43.2)

  

579 (7.6)

706 (9.3)

  

Primary

677 (5.9)

972 (8.5)

  

591 (7.7)

538 (7.1)

  

Secondary

960 (8.4)

1076 (9.4)

  

1974 (25.9)

1778 (23.3)

  

Tertiary

108 (0.9)

91 (0.8)

  

762 (10.0)

703 (9.2)

  

Marital status

  

18.99

 < 0.001

  

2.49

0.114

Married

4248 (37.0)

6969 (60.7)

  

3724 (48.8)

3587 (47.0)

  

Unmarried

134 (1.2)

119 (1.0)

  

183 (2.4)

138 (1.8)

  

Partner education

  

81.49

 < 0.001

  

15.63

0.001

No formal education

2187 (19.1)

3994 (34.8)

  

419 (5.5)

451 (5.9)

  

Primary

613 (5.3)

993 (8.7)

  

527 (6.9)

490 (6.4)

  

Secondary

1222 (10.7)

1602 (14.0)

  

1899 (24.9)

1777 (23.3)

  

Tertiary

360 (3.1)

498 (4.3)

  

1060 (13.9)

1007 (13.2)

  

Religion

  

279.00

 < 0.001

  

21.08

 < 0.001

Christian

1129 (9.8)

1151 (10.0)

  

2346 (30.7)

2211 (29.0)

  

Muslim

3225 (28.1)

5898 (51.4)

  

1544 (20.2)

1504 (19.7)

  

Traditional/other

29 (0.3)

39 (0.3)

  

17 (0.2)

11 (0.1)

  

Ethnicity

  

471.60

 < 0.001

  

195.34

 < 0.001

Hausa/Fulani

2347 (20.5)

4996 (43.6)

  

590 (7.7)

874 (11.5)

  

Igbo

123 (1.1)

279 (2.4)

  

814 (10.7)

1032 (13.5)

  

Yoruba

356 (3.1)

193 (1.7)

  

1117 (14.6)

639 (8.4)

  

Other

1555 (13.6)

1618 (14.1)

  

1386 (18.2)

1180 (15.5)

  

Occupation

  

2.60

 < 0.001

  

29.43

 < 0.001

Unemployed

1612 (14.0)

2795 (24.4)

  

794 (10.4)

940 (12.3)

  

Employed

2770 (24.2)

4292 (37.4)

  

3113 (40.8)

2786 (36.5)

  

Wealth

  

214.77

 < 0.001

  

34.91

 < 0.001

Poor

2368 (20.7)

4784 (41.7)

  

620 (8.1)

778 (10.2)

  

Average

993 (8.7)

1281 (11.2)

  

783 (10.3)

754 (9.9)

  

Rich

1020 (8.9)

1022 (8.9)

  

2504 (32.8)

2194 (28.7)

  

Media exposure

  

6.62

0.010

  

0.64

0.422

No

3152 (27.5)

5254 (45.8)

  

1599 (20.9)

1521 (19.9)

  

Yes

1229 (10.7)

1833 (16.0)

  

2308 (30.2)

2205 (28.9)

  

Region

  

1100.00

 < 0.001

  

398.23

 < 0.001

Northcentral

802 (7.0)

513 (4.5)

  

836 (11.0)

516 (6.8)

  

Northeast

754 (6.6)

1840 (16.0)

  

278 (3.6)

603 (7.9)

  

Northwest

1892 (16.5)

4010 (35.0)

  

464 (6.1)

651 (8.5)

  

Southeast

77 (0.7)

232 (2.0)

  

636 (8.3)

789 (10.3)

  

South-south

446 (3.9)

312 (2.7)

  

439 (5.8)

384 (5.0)

  

Southwest

410 (3.6)

181 (1.6)

  

1253 (16.4)

782 (10.2)

  

Wanted pregnancy

  

16.00

 < 0.001

  

4.40

0.111

Then

3956 (34.5)

6544 (57.1)

  

3389 (44.4)

3203 (42.0)

  

Later

309 (2.7)

385 (3.4)

  

332 (4.4)

371 (4.9)

  

No more

117 (1.0)

158 (1.4)

  

185 (2.4)

151 (1.9)

  

ANC visit

  

42.35

 < 0.001

  

11.40

0.003

None

1715 (14.9)

2744 (23.9)

  

121 (1.6)

108 (1.4)

  

 < 4 visit

819 (7.1)

1656 (14.4)

  

445 (5.8)

488 (6.4)

  

4 + visit

1849 (16.1)

2687 (23.4)

  

3340 (43.8)

3130 (41.0)

  

Prenatal provider

  

5.11

 < 0.024

  

13.66

 < 0.001

Unskilled

2242 (19.6)

3841 (33.5)

  

316 (4.2)

350 (4.6)

  

Skilled

2139 (18.6)

3246 (28.3)

  

3590 (47.0)

3376 (44.2)

  

SBA use

  

30.19

 < 0.001

  

14.46

 < 0.001

No

4021 (35.1)

6677 (58.2)

  

234 (3.1)

268 (3.5)

  

Yes

360 (3.1)

411 (3.6)

  

3672 (48.1)

3457 (45.3)

  

Parity

  

6.64

 < 0.010

  

22.87

 < 0.001

Primiparous

489 (4.3)

944 (8.2)

  

711 (9.3)

817 (10.7)

  

Multiparous

3892 (33.9)

6144 (53.6)

  

3196 (41.9)

2907 (38.1)

  

Delivery by CS

      

209.95

 < 0.001

No

4382 (38.2)

7087 (61.8)

  

3787 (49.6)

3252 (42.6)

  

Yes

–

–

  

119 (1.6)

473 (6.2)

  

Birth type

  

1.06

0.304

  

1.01

0.315

Single birth

4326 (37.7)

6985 (60.9)

  

3806 (49.9)

3630 (47.6)

  

Twin/Multiple births

56 (0.5)

103 (0.9)

  

100 (1.3)

95 (1.2)

  

Sex of child

  

7.60

0.006

  

1.10

0.295

Male

2274 (19.8)

3536 (30.8)

  

1997 (26.2)

1980 (25.9)

  

Female

2107 (18.4)

3550 (31.0)

  

1910 (25.0)

1745 (22.9)

  

Child size

  

25.41

 < 0.001

  

36.33

 < 0.001

Small

1508 (13.2)

2387 (20.8)

  

1471 (19.3)

1319 (17.3)

  

Average

2279 (19.8)

3525 (30.7)

  

2113 (27.7)

1926 (25.2)

  

Large

594 (5.2)

1174 (10.2)

  

322 (4.2)

482 (6.3)

  

Skin-to-skin contact

  

26.98

 < 0.001

  

7.05

0.029

Put to chest touching bare skin

260 (2.3)

6455 (56.3)

  

817 (10.7)

746 (9.8)

  

Put to chest no bare skin touch

33 (0.3)

183 (1.6)

  

120 (1.6)

198 (2.6)

  

Not put to chest

4088 (35.6)

449 (3.9)

  

2969 (38.9)

2781 (36.5)

  

Total

4382 (38.2)

7087 (61.8)

  

3906 (51.2)

3725 (48.8)

  
  1. ANC antenatal care, SBA skilled birth attendant, CS Caesarian section
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Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

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