Table 3 Adjusted and unadjusted odds (95% CI) of the association between DIBF and maternal characteristics by place of delivery

Place of delivery

1.34***

1.17–1.52

1.70***

1.59–1.80

0.74***

0.65–0.85

0.58***

0.55–0.63

Age group

#15–24

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

25–34

0.95

0.85–1.06

0.80***

0.73–0.88

1.01

0.87–1.17

0.83**

0.73–0.94

35–49

0.83**

0.73–0.94

0.74***

0.66–0.82

1.05

0.88–1.24

0.86*

0.75–0.98

Place of residence

#Urban

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Rural

1.24***

1.10–1.38

1.53***

1.40–1.67

1.12

0.99–1.25

1.18***

1.07–1.29

Education

#No formal education

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Primary

0.99

0.87–1.14

0.76***

0.68–0.85

1.00

0.82–1.21

0.75***

0.63–0.88

Secondary

0.95

0.82–1.11

0.59***

0.54–0.66

0.95

0.79–1.15

0.74***

0.65–0.84

Tertiary

0.81

0.57–1.14

0.44***

0.33–0.59

0.88

0.71–1.11

0.76***

0.65–0.88

Marital status

#Married

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Unmarried

1.08

0.81–1.44

0.54**

0.42–0.69

0.92

0.72–1.18

0.78*

0.62–0.98

Partner education

#No formal education

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Primary

1.09

0.96–1.25

0.88*

0.79–0.99

0.99

0.80–1.23

0.86

0.72–1.04

Secondary

1.27***

1.11–1.43

0.71***

0.65–0.78

1.16

0.96–1.41

0.87

0.75–1.01

Tertiary

1.24*

1.03–1.50

0.75***

0.65–0.87

1.15

0.93–1.42

0.88

0.75–1.03

Religion

#Christian

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Muslim

0.86

0.74–1.02

1.79***

1.63–1.96

0.82**

0.71–0.95

1.03

0.94–1.13

Traditional/other

0.99

0.59–1.68

1.31

0.80–2.13

0.77

0.34–1.71

0.67

0.31–1.45

Ethnicity

#Hausa/Fulani

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Igbo

1.29

0.85–1.94

1.06

0.85–1.32

1.13

0.85–1.49

0.85*

0.74–0.98

Yoruba

1.30

0.91–1.83

0.25***

0.21–0.30

0.72**

0.56–0.92

0.38***

0.33-.044

Other

0.63

0.55–0.73

0.48***

0.44–0.53

0.67***

0.54–0.82

0.57***

0.50–0.65

Occupation

#Unemployed

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Employed

1.18***

1.08–1.29

0.89**

0.82–0.96

0.95

0.84–1.07

0.75***

0.67–0.84

Wealth

#Poor

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Average

0.71***

0.63–0.79

0.64***

0.57–0.70

0.80**

0.68–0.94

0.76***

0.66–0.88

Rich

0.74***

0.63–0.86

0.49***

0.44–0.55

0.75**

0.63–0.88

0.69***

0.61–0.78

Media exposure

#No

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

–

Yes

1.21***

1.09–1.34

0.89*

0.82–0.97

–

–

–

–

Region

#Northcentral

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Northeast

3.68***

3.16–4.28

3.82***

3.32–4.39

3.83***

3.13–4.68

3.51***

2.93–4.20

Northwest

2.69***

2.31–3.13

3.32***

2.93–3.75

1.97***

1.58–2.45

2.27***

1.93–2.67

Southeast

2.65***

1.66–4.23

4.72***

3.56–6.25

1.29*

1.00–1.65

2.01***

1.72–2.33

South–south

0.98

0.78–1.23

1.09

0.91–1.31

1.22*

1.00–1.49

1.42***

1.19–1.69

Southwest

0.40***

0.29–0.56

0.69***

0.56–0.85

0.98

0.80–1.19

1.01

0.87–1.16

Wanted pregnancy

#Then

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Later

1.17

0.98–1.39

0.75***

0.64–0.88

1.18*

1.00–1.40

1.18*

1.01–1.38

No more

1.44**

1.09–1.88

0.81

0.64–1.04

0.97

0.76–1.24

0.86

0.69–1.07

ANC visit

#None

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 < 4 visit

1.52***

1.31–1.76

1.26***

1.14–1.40

0.98

0.66–1.44

1.23

0.92–1.65

4 + visit

1.31***

1.14–1.51

0.90*

0.83–0.98

1.06

0.73–1.54

1.05

0.80–1.37

Prenatal provider

#Unskilled

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Skilled

0.69***

0.61–0.79

0.88*

0.82–0.95

1.12

0.85–1.49

0.85*

0.72–0.99

SBA use

#No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.13

0.94–1.34

0.68***

0.59–0.79

0.97

0.74–1.26

0.82*

0.68–0.98

Parity

#Primiparous

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Multiparous

0.78**

0.68–0.90

0.81**

0.72–0.92

0.78***

0.68–0.89

0.79***

0.70–0.88

Delivery by CS

#No

–

–

–

–

Ref

Ref

Yes

–

–

–

–

5.10***

4.08–6.38

4.61***

3.75–5.67

Sex of child

#Male

Ref

Ref

–

–

–

–

Female

1.09*

1.00–1.17

1.08*

1.00–1.17

–

–

–

–

Child size

#Small

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Average

1.07

0.98–1.17

0.97

0.89–1.06

1.05

0.94–1.17

1.02

0.92–1.12

Large

1.27***

1.12–1.44

1.25***

1.10–1.40

1.64***

1.38–1.94

1.67***

1.42–1.95

Skin-to-skin contact

#Put to chest touching bare skin

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Put to chest no bare skin touch

3.20***

2.11–4.85

3.16***

2.11–4.71

1.22

0.91–1.62

1.82***

1.41–2.33

Not put to chest

0.95

0.80–1.13

0.91

0.77–1.07

1.17*

1.03–1.33

1.03

0.91–1.15