Table 1 Participant’s background characteristics for selected socioeconomic variables
Variable | TDHS 2004/5 (N = 7492) | TDHS 2010 (N = 6806) | TDHS 2015/16 (N = 8929) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unweighted | Weighted | Unweighted | Weighted | Unweighted | Weighted | |
n (%) | % | n (%) | % | n (%) | % | |
Stunting | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 4322 (57.7) | 56.2 | 4109 (61.6) | 59.7 | 5938 (67.5) | 67 |
 Yes | 3169 (42.3) | 43.8 | 2559 (38.4) | 40.2 | 2852 (32.4) | 33 |
Area of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Urban | 2401 (32) | 40.5 | 1549 (23.2) | 20.8 | 2007 (22.8) | 26.1 |
 Rural | 5091 (68) | 59.5 | 5119 (76.8) | 79.2 | 6783 (77.2) | 73.9 |
Wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Poorest | 1217 (16.2) | 15.7 | 1136 [17] | 17.4 | 2032 [23.1] | 24.5 |
 Poorer | 1037 (13.8) | 9.7 | 1077 [16.1] | 17.1 | 1830 [20.8] | 21.7 |
 Middle | 1565 (20.9) | 20.4 | 1424 [21.4] | 20.9 | 1705 [19.4] | 19.3 |
 Richer | 1542 (20.6) | 21.4 | 1658 [24.9] | 24.2 | 1813 [20.6] | 18.5 |
 Richest | 2131 (28.4) | 32.8 | 1373 [20.6] | 20.4 | 1410 [16.1] | 16 |
Mother’s education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Uneducated | 2088 (27.9) | 26.4 | 1692 [25.4] | 25.4 | 1909 [21.7] | 21.3 |
 Primary | 4811 (64.2) | 69.4 | 4213 [63.2] | 68.4 | 5286 [60.1] | 64.6 |
 Secondary | 593 (7.9) | 4.2 | 763 [11.4] | 6.2 | 1595 [18.2] | 14.1 |
Mother’s work status |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Not working | 1309 (17.5) | 13.4 | 1118 [16.8] | 13 | 1929 [21.9] | 21.3 |
 Currently working | 6182 (82.5) | 86.6 | 5545 [83.2] | 87 | 6861 [78.1] | 78.7 |
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) |  |  |  |  |  | |
 Below 18.5 | 636 (8.5) | 6.9 | 635 [9.6] | 9.1 | 622 [7.1] | 6.8 |
 18.5–29.9 | 5642 (75.8) | 78 | 4703 [70.7] | 73.6 | 5895 [67.3] | 68.5 |
 25 +  | 1161 (15.6) | 15.1 | 1309 [19.7] | 17.3 | 2246 [25.6] | 24.6 |
Household had < 5 years death |  |  |  |  |  | |
 No | 2751 (36.7) | 36.4 | 1775 [26.6] | 27.2 | 1896 [21.6] | 21.5 |
 Yes | 4741 (63.3) | 65.6 | 4893 [73.4] | 72.8 | 6894 [78.4] | 78.5 |
Access to improved water | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 No | 5599 (74.8) | 77.1 | 4904 [73.5] | 80.3 | 6144 [69.9] | 74.3 |
 Yes | 1887 (25.2) | 22.9 | 1764 [26.5] | 19.7 | 2646 [30.1] | 25.7 |
Access to improved toilet | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 No | 7226 (96.5) | 97.1 | 6231 [93.5] | 94.6 | 7887 [89.7] | 91.3 |
 Yes | 265 (3.54) | 2.9 | 437 [6.5] | 5.4 | 903 [10.3] | 8.7 |
 No. of < 5 years | 2.03 ± 1.34 | 2.14 ± 1.25 | 2.12 ± 1.45 | |||
 HWI (overall) |  − 6.97e-09 ± 2.04 |  − 1.05e-09 ± 2.12 |  − 5.59e-09 ± 1.95 | |||
 HWI (stunting) | 0.02 ± 1.93 | 0.005 ± 1.51 | 0.003 ± 1.42 | |||
 WAMI |  − 2.69e-09 ± 1.46 | 5.25e-09 ± 1.51 | 1.52e-09 ± 1.72 | |||
 WEO |  − 5.75e-09 ± 1.94 | − 2.13e-10 ± 1.85 |  − 1.87e-09 ± 2.11 | |||
 MPI | 3.08e-09 ± 1.36 | 4.98e-09 ± 1.43 |  − 1.05e-08 ± 1.57 | |||