Table 2 Distribution of OWOBM-SC, OWOBM-UC, OWOBM-WC, and OWOBM-SUWC across the explanatory variables
From: Mother–child dyads of overnutrition and undernutrition in sub-Saharan Africa
Variables | Weighted N (%) | OWOBM-SC | p value | OWOBM-UC | p value | OWOBM-WC | p value | OWOBM-SUWC | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child characteristics | |||||||||
Sex of child | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.025 | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 63,217 (50.5) | 6.3 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 7.3 | ||||
Female | 62,063 (49.5) | 5.3 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 6.2 | ||||
Age of child | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
< 1 | 27,120 (21.6) | 2.9 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 4.3 | ||||
1 | 26,153 (20.9) | 6.1 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 7.1 | ||||
2 | 24,285 (19.4) | 7.6 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 8.3 | ||||
3 | 24,250 (19.4) | 7.0 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 7.7 | ||||
4 | 23,472 (18.7) | 5.8 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 6.7 | ||||
Birthweight (kilograms) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
2.5+ | 119,037 (95.0) | 5.7 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 6.6 | ||||
Below 2.5 | 6243 (5.0) | 8.5 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 9.9 | ||||
Diarrhea in the last 2 weeks | 0.986 | 0.090 | 0.531 | 0.094 | |||||
No | 105,491 (84.2) | 5.8 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 6.7 | ||||
Yes | 19,789 (15.8) | 5.8 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 6.8 | ||||
Fever in the last 2 weeks | 0.005 | 0.318 | 0.271 | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 96,024 (76.6) | 6.0 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 6.9 | ||||
Yes | 29,256 (23.4) | 5.4 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 6.2 | ||||
Cough in the last 2 weeks | 0.037 | < 0.001 | 0.076 | 0.005 | |||||
No | 95,094 (75.9) | 5.9 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 6.9 | ||||
Yes | 30,186 (24.1) | 5.5 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 6.3 | ||||
Currently breastfeeding | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.333 | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 51,691 (42.3) | 7.6 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 8.6 | ||||
Yes | 73,589 (58.7) | 4.6 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 5.5 | ||||
Birth order | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | |||||
First | 26,210 (20.9) | 4.0 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 4.8 | ||||
Second | 24,361 (19.5) | 5.5 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 6.3 | ||||
Third | 20,447 (13.3) | 6.0 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 6.9 | ||||
Fourth or more | 54,262 (43.3) | 6.8 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 7.8 | ||||
Women’s characteristics | |||||||||
Women’s age | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
15–19 | 6877 (5.5) | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 3.0 | ||||
20–24 | 26,212 (20.9) | 4.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 4.9 | ||||
25–29 | 34,592 (27.6) | 5.4 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 6.3 | ||||
30–34 | 27,144 (21.7) | 6.5 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 7.6 | ||||
35–39 | 19,276 (15.4) | 7.8 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 9.0 | ||||
40–44 | 8543 (6.8) | 7.9 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 9.2 | ||||
45–49 | 2636 (2.1) | 6.8 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 7.9 | ||||
Women’s educational level | < 0.001 | 0.038 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
No education | 44,260 (35.3) | 5.2 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 6.0 | ||||
Primary | 44,806 (35.8) | 6.1 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 6.8 | ||||
Secondary | 31,440 (25.1) | 6.4 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 7.6 | ||||
Higher | 4774 (3.8) | 5.2 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 7.2 | ||||
Current working status | 0.061 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007 | |||||
No | 44,092 (35.2) | 6.1 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 7.1 | ||||
Yes | 81,188 (64.8) | 5.7 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 6.5 | ||||
Marital status | 0.211 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.132 | |||||
Never in union | 6864 (5.5) | 5.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 6.2 | ||||
Married | 94,377 (75.3) | 5.8 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 6.8 | ||||
Cohabiting | 16,276 (13.0) | 6.0 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 6.7 | ||||
Widowed | 1635 (1.3) | 6.4 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 8.0 | ||||
Divorced | 1972 (1.6) | 7.3 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 8.3 | ||||
Separated | 4156 (3.3) | 5.6 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 6.2 | ||||
Parity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.007 | < 0.001 | |||||
Primiparity | 18,085 (14.4) | 3.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 4.8 | ||||
Multiparity | 63,759 (50.9) | 5.6 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 6.5 | ||||
Grandparity | 43,436 (34.7) | 6.9 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 7.9 | ||||
Height of the women (cm) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.195 | < 0.001 | |||||
Less than 145 | 2189 (1.8) | 10.3 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 11.3 | ||||
145–149 | 8909 (7.1) | 8.0 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 8.6 | ||||
150–154 | 24,563 (19.6) | 7.0 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 7.9 | ||||
155–159 | 37,948 (30.3) | 6.4 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 7.3 | ||||
160+ | 51,671 (41.2) | 4.3 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 5.6 | ||||
Household factors | |||||||||
Drinking water source | < 0.001 | 0.077 | 0.057 | < 0.001 | |||||
Improved | 79,545 (63.5) | 6.1 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 7.1 | ||||
Unimproved | 45,735 (36.5) | 5.3 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 6.1 | ||||
Toilet facility | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Improved | 55,504 (44.3) | 6.7 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 7.8 | ||||
Unimproved | 69,776 (55.7) | 5.1 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 5.9 | ||||
Household size | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.007 | < 0.001 | |||||
Small | 53,008 (42.3) | 5.3 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 6.2 | ||||
Medium | 57,417 (45.8) | 6.0 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 7.0 | ||||
Large | 14,855 (11.9) | 6.7 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 7.9 | ||||
Wealth index | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Poorest | 28,204 (22.5) | 4.4 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 4.9 | ||||
Poorer | 26,803 (21.4) | 5.3 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 6.0 | ||||
Middle | 25,282 (20.2) | 6.1 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 7.0 | ||||
Richer | 23,933 (19.1) | 6.7 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 7.9 | ||||
Richest | 21,058 (16.8) | 7.1 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 8.6 | ||||
Community level factors | |||||||||
Place of residence | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Urban | 37,705 (30.1) | 7.5 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 9.0 | ||||
Rural | 87,575 (69.9) | 5.1 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 5.8 | ||||
Geographical sub-regions | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Southern | 4922 (3.9) | 9.8 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 11.3 | ||||
Central | 20,678 (16.5) | 4.9 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 5.7 | ||||
Eastern | 50,194 (40.1) | 4.9 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 5.4 | ||||
Western | 49,486 (39.5) | 6.8 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 8.2 | ||||