Table 3 Multilevel analysis results of factors associated with overweight or obese mother and a child with any undernutrition indicator

Fixed effect model

Women’s age

 15–19

1.00

1.00

 20–24

1.43*** [1.16, 1.75]

1.40** [1.14, 1.72]

 25–29

1.76*** [1.42, 2.18]

1.62*** [1.30, 2.01]

 30–34

2.10*** [1.66, 2.64]

1.85*** [1.47, 2.34]

 35–39

2.51*** [1.96, 3.21]

2.17*** [1.70, 2.79]

 40–44

2.51*** [1.95, 3.24]

2.20*** [1.70, 2.85]

 45–49

2.12*** [1.56, 2.88]

1.83*** [1.34, 2.51]

Women’s educational level

 No education

1.00

1.00

 Primary

1.21*** [1.11, 1.31]

1.32*** [1.21, 1.44]

 Secondary

1.46*** [1.32, 1.61]

1.21*** [1.09, 1.35]

 Higher

1.32** [1.09, 1.60]

1.01 [0.82, 1.24]

Marital status

 Never in union

1.00

1.00

 Married

0.92 [0.78, 1.09]

1.06 [0.89, 1.26]

 Cohabiting

0.93 [0.77, 1.12]

1.12 [0.93, 1.36]

 Widowed

0.91 [0.68, 1.22]

1.11 [0.82, 1.48]

 Divorced

1.10 [0.84, 1.44]

1.32* [1.02, 1.73]

 Separated

0.82 [0.65, 1.04]

1.06 [0.84, 1.34]

Current working status

 No

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.79*** [0.74, 0.85]

0.82*** [0.76, 0.89]

Parity

 Primiparity

1.00

1.00

 Multiparity

1.08 [0.89, 1.30]

1.04 [0.86, 1.26]

 Grandparity

1.16 [0.93, 1.46]

1.16 [0.93, 1.46]

Height of the women (cm)

 Less than 145

1.00

1.00

 145–149

0.67*** [0.54, 0.84]

0.63*** [0.51, 0.79]

 150–154

0.60*** [0.49, 0.74]

0.53*** [0.43, 0.66]

 155–159

0.54*** [0.44, 0.66]

0.46*** [0.37, 0.56]

 160+

0.35*** [0.29, 0.43]

0.29*** [0.23, 0.36]

Currently breastfeeding

 No

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.70*** [0.65, 0.76]

0.75*** [0.70, 0.82]

Sex of child

 Male

1.00

1.00

 Female

0.84*** [0.80, 0.89]

0.85*** [0.80, 0.90]

Age of child

 < 1

1.00

1.00

 1

1.57*** [1.41, 1.75]

1.60*** [1.44, 1.79]

 2

1.59*** [1.43, 1.77]

1.68*** [1.51, 1.87]

 3

1.45*** [1.30, 1.62]

1.55*** [1.39, 1.73]

 4

1.23*** [1.09, 1.37]

1.31*** [1.16, 1.47]

Birthweight (kilograms)

 2.5+

1.00

1.00

 Below 2.5

1.54*** [1.36, 1.76]

1.50*** [1.32, 1.71]

Diarrhea in the last 2 weeks

 No

1.00

1.00

 Yes

1.12* [1.03, 1.23]

1.13** [1.04, 1.24]

Fever in the last 2 weeks

 No

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.90* [0.83, 0.98]

0.91* [0.83, 0.99]

Cough in the last 2 weeks

 No

1.00

1.00

 Yes

0.90** [0.84, 0.97]

0.96 [0.89, 1.04]

Birth order

 First

1.00

1.00

 Second

1.16 [1.00, 1.36]

1.21* [1.04, 1.41]

 Third

1.24* [1.05, 1.47]

1.32** [1.11, 1.57]

Fourth or more

1.25* [1.04, 1.51]

1.37** [1.13, 1.66]

 Wealth index

 Poorest

1.00

1.00

 Poorer

1.19** [1.07, 1.32]

1.18** [1.06, 1.32]

 Middle

1.33*** [1.19, 1.48]

1.31*** [1.18, 1.46]

 Richer

1.39*** [1.23, 1.57]

1.40*** [1.23, 1.58]

 Richest

1.41*** [1.22, 1.62]

1.49*** [1.28, 1.72]

Drinking water source

 Improved

1.00

1.00

 Unimproved

0.95 [0.88, 1.03]

0.95 [0.88, 1.03]

 Toilet facility

 Improved

1.00

1.00

 Unimproved

0.90** [0.83, 0.97]

0.90** [0.83, 0.98]

Household size

 Small

1.00

1.00

 Medium

1.17*** [1.09, 1.25]

0.99 [0.91, 1.07]

 Large

1.20*** [1.08, 1.33]

1.10 [0.99, 1.23]

Place of residence

 Urban

1.00

1.00

 Rural

0.77*** [0.70, 0.85]

0.79*** [0.71, 0.87]

Geographical sub-region

 Southern

1.00

1.00

 Central

0.49*** [0.41, 0.58]

0.55*** [0.46, 0.65]

 Eastern

0.47*** [0.41, 0.55]

0.44*** [0.38, 0.52]

 Western

0.68*** [0.59, 0.78]

0.76*** [0.65, 0.89]

Random effect model

 PSU variance (95% CI)

0.529 [0.456, 0.615]

0.524 [0.448, 0.612]

0.506 [0.431, 0.593]

0.517 [0.438, 0.611]

 ICC

0.138

0.137

0.133

0.136

 Wald Chi-square

Reference

1182.55 (< 0.001)

442.21 (< 0.001)

1505.79 (< 0.001)

Model fitness

 Log-likelihood

− 68,942.48

− 66,668.802

− 67,959.413

− 65,706.517

 AIC

137,889

133,409.6

135,946.8

131,509

 BIC

137,908.4

133,760.2

136,083.2

131,976.5

N

125,280

125,280

125,280

125,280

Number of clusters

1608

1608

1608

1608