Table 1 Characteristics of eligible children and adolescents
Variables | Total (n = 2304) | Non-eczema (n = 2036) | Eczema (n = 268) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, M (Q1, Q3) | 12.00 (8.00, 15.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 15.00) | 11.00 (6.00, 14.00) | < 0.001 |
Age, years, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
1–5 | 312 (13.5) | 262 (12.9) | 50 (18.7) | |
6–11 | 738 (32.0) | 642 (31.5) | 96 (35.8) | |
12–17 | 1254 (54.4) | 1132 (55.6) | 122 (45.5) | |
Gender, n (%) | 0.633 | |||
Female | 1175 (51.0) | 1042 (51.2) | 133 (49.6) | |
Male | 1129 (49.0) | 994 (48.8) | 135 (50.4) | |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 750 (32.6) | 721 (35.4) | 29 (10.8) | |
Other Hispanic | 79 (3.4) | 67 (3.3) | 12 (4.5) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 651 (28.3) | 560 (27.5) | 91 (34.0) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 692 (30.0) | 572 (28.1) | 120 (44.8) | |
Other races | 132 (5.7) | 116 (5.7) | 16 (6.0) | |
Family educational background, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 9th grade | 272 (11.8) | 266 (13.1) | 6 (2.2) | |
9–11th grade | 432 (18.8) | 396 (19.5) | 36 (13.4) | |
High school grade | 539 (23.4) | 479 (23.5) | 60 (22.4) | |
Some college | 646 (28.0) | 560 (27.5) | 86 (32.1) | |
College graduate | 415 (18.0) | 335 (16.5) | 80 (29.9) | |
PIR, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.81 (0.95, 3.48) | 1.71 (0.93, 3.36) | 2.55 (1.20, 4.12) | < 0.001 |
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, n (%) | 0.968 | |||
No | 1941 (84.2) | 1715 (84.2) | 226 (84.3) | |
Yes | 363 (15.8) | 321 (15.8) | 42 (15.7) | |
Insurance, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 334 (14.5) | 318 (15.6) | 16 (6.0) | |
Yes | 1970 (85.5) | 1718 (84.4) | 252 (94.0) | |
Maternal age, years, Mean ± SD | 25.90 ± 6.00 | 25.84 ± 6.03 | 26.37 ± 5.79 | 0.174 |
Asthma, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1920 (83.3) | 1730 (85.0) | 190 (70.9) | |
Yes | 384 (16.7) | 306 (15.0) | 78 (29.1) | |
Hay fever, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 2218 (96.3) | 1974 (97.0) | 244 (91.0) | |
Yes | 86 (3.7) | 62 (3.1) | 24 (9.0) | |
Food allergy, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
No | 1711 (74.3) | 1532 (75.3) | 179 (66.8) | |
Yes | 593 (25.7) | 504 (24.8) | 89 (33.2) | |
Peanut allergy, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 2045 (88.8) | 1829 (89.8) | 216 (80.6) | |
Yes | 259 (11.2) | 207 (10.2) | 52 (19.4) | |
Egg allergy, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 2176 (94.4) | 1937 (95.1) | 239 (89.2) | |
Yes | 128 (5.6) | 99 (4.9) | 29 (10.8) | |
Milk allergy, n (%) | 0.063 | |||
No | 2031 (88.2) | 1804 (88.6) | 227 (84.7) | |
Yes | 273 (11.9) | 232 (11.4) | 41 (15.3) | |
Shrimp allergy, n (%) | 0.654 | |||
No | 2147 (93.2) | 1899 (93.3) | 248 (92.5) | |
Yes | 157 (6.8) | 137 (6.7) | 20 (7.5) | |
Height, cm, Mean ± SD | 147.28 ± 23.04 | 147.74 ± 22.76 | 143.78 ± 24.87 | 0.014 |
Weight, kg, M (Q1, Q3) | 48.05 (28.40, 63.00) | 48.55 (29.00, 63.30) | 43.70 (24.65, 59.50) | 0.003 |
BMI, kg/m2, Mean ± SD | 21.10 ± 6.02 | 21.23 ± 6.09 | 20.15 ± 5.36 | 0.003 |
Cotinine, ng/mL, M (Q1, Q3) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.30) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.28) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.36) | 0.653 |
CRP, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.13) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.13) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.144 |
Vitamin D, nmol/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 58.00 (47.10, 71.30) | 58.00 (47.10, 70.10) | 58.00 (47.10, 71.30) | 0.729 |
IgE, IU/mL, M (Q1, Q3) | 57.05 (21.20, 177.00) | 54.55 (20.30, 167.00) | 82.20 (26.35, 271.00) | < 0.001 |
Dietary intake | ||||
Energy, kcal, M (Q1, Q3) | 1890.00 (1469.50, 2460.00) | 1895.50 (1473.50, 2474.50) | 1840.50 (1409.00, 2393.50) | 0.139 |
PUFA, gm, M (Q1, Q3) | 13.16 (8.67, 19.47) | 13.20 (8.72, 19.61) | 12.79 (8.45, 18.54) | 0.451 |
Vitamin E, mg, M (Q1, Q3) | 4.92 (3.29, 7.15) | 4.99 (3.32, 7.21) | 4.64 (3.15, 6.76) | 0.089 |
β-carotene, mcg, M (Q1, Q 3) | 363.00 (180.50, 839.50) | 366.00 (181.00, 848.50) | 339.00 (168.00, 787.00) | 0.348 |
Vitamin C, mg, M (Q1, Q3) | 60.80 (25.80, 123.30) | 61.45 (25.75, 125.00) | 53.05 (26.65, 109.40) | 0.223 |
Zinc, mg, M (Q1, Q3) | 9.49 (6.58, 13.80) | 9.62 (6.63, 14.05) | 8.49 (6.19, 11.66) | 0.001 |
Selenium, mcg, M (Q1, Q3) | 87.10 (59.35, 119.20) | 87.75 (60.85, 120.00) | 79.80 (52.80, 112.40) | 0.018 |
Retinol, mcg, M (Q1, Q3) | 366.00 (201.00, 603.00) | 365.50 (202.00, 608.50) | 378.50 (179.50, 568.00) | 0.769 |
Vitamin E, mg, n (%) | 0.461 | |||
< 3.82 | 757 (32.9) | 660 (32.4) | 97 (36.2) | |
[3.82, 6.28) | 762 (33.1) | 677 (33.3) | 85 (31.7) | |
≥ 6.28 | 785 (34.1) | 699 (34.3) | 86 (32.1) | |
β-carotene, mcg, n (%) | 0.296 | |||
< 230 | 757 (32.9) | 658 (32.3) | 99 (36.9) | |
[230, 613) | 763 (33.1) | 682 (33.5) | 81 (30.2) | |
≥ 613 | 784 (34.0) | 696 (34.2) | 88 (32.8) | |
Vitamin C, mg, n (%) | 0.489 | |||
< 35.5 | 758 (32.9) | 672 (33.0) | 86 (32.1) | |
[35.5, 96.1) | 762 (33.1) | 665 (32.7) | 97 (36.2) | |
≥ 96.1 | 784 (34.0) | 699 (34.3) | 85 (31.7) | |
Zinc, mg, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
< 7.47 | 759 (32.9) | 649 (31.9) | 110 (41.0) | |
[7.47, 11.83) | 761 (33.0) | 669 (32.9) | 92 (34.3) | |
≥ 11.83 | 784 (34.0) | 718 (35.3) | 66 (24.6) | |
Selenium, mcg, n (%) | 0.114 | |||
< 68.8 | 759 (32.9) | 656 (32.2) | 103 (38.4) | |
[68.8, 104.4) | 760 (33.0) | 676 (33.2) | 84 (31.3) | |
≥ 104.4 | 785 (34.1) | 704 (34.6) | 81 (30.2) | |
Retinol, mcg, n (%) | 0.722 | |||
< 253 | 757 (32.9) | 667 (32.8) | 90 (33.6) | |
[253, 500) | 763 (33.1) | 680 (33.4) | 83 (31.0) | |
≥ 500 | 784 (34.0) | 689 (33.8) | 95 (35.5) | |