Table 1 Identified the macronutrient and micronutrient supplements
From: The effect of macronutrient and micronutrient supplements on COVID-19: an umbrella review
ID | The first author (reference) | Year | Objectives of study | Number of included studies | Type of included studies | Quality assessment tools | Type of databases | Main result/finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mazidimoradi, Afrooz. [13] | 2022 | Effect of PUFA on COVID-19 patients | 18 | Prospective, Retrospective cohort, Retrospective, Cross-sectional, Clinical trial, Cross sectional | Adapted Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scales | PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science | Omega 3 PUFA intake reduces the risk and severity of COVID-19 Omega 3 and Omega 6 PUFAs level are lower in patients with COVID-19 Upper levels of PUFAs decrease the need for mechanical ventilation and hospitalization in COVID-19 |
2 | da Rocha, Aline Pereira. [14] | 2021 | To assess whether vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective for the treatment of COVID-19 | 3 | Clinical trial | GRADEpro platform | Medline, PubMed, Embase, Elsevier, Cochrane Central | Vitamin D has no effect on mortality rate, inflammatory markers, and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients Vitamin D plus standard usage can lower the risk of ICU admission |
3 | Sharma, L. [15] | 2020 | Nutritional supplementation for immunity against COVID-19 | 12 | Case study, Review | NA | Scopus, Pub Med, Web of science | Vitamin A enhances T cells and B cells activation and has anti-inflammatory effects vitamin C prevents and treats respiratory and systemic infections and improves the activities of the immune system. Vitamin E has various advantages for the immunity system. Vitamin B9 increases body resistance against infectious diseases. Zinc regulates our immunity. Copper is essential for the growth, metabolism of iron, functioning of neuroendocrine, elasticity of lungs, cardiovascular integrity, and neovascularization Iron is needed for the normal functioning of immune and non-immune cell reactions. Selenium improves immunity against viral infections |
4 | Ao, Guangyu. [16] | 2022 | IV vitamin C usage for treating COVID-19 | 7 | Clinical trial, Observational studies | Jadad scale, NOS | PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Web of Science | Vitamin C does not affect the severity and mortality of COVID-19 |
5 | Bassatne, Aya. [17] | 2021 | COVID-19 and Vitamin D | 34 | Observational studies, Clinical trial | New Castle-Ottawa quality scale Cochrane GRADE | Medline, Embase, Cochrane | Vitamin D lower than 20 increases mortality, ICU admission, and invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation Vitamin D level does not affect inflammatory markers in COVID-19 |
6 | Nikniaz, Leila. [18] | 2021 | Vitamin D and COVID-19 | 4 | Clinical trial, Quasi-experimental | JBI Critical Appraisal | PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane | Vitamin D decreases mortality rate, severity, and inflammatory markers |
7 | Kwak, Sang Gyu. [19] | 2021 | Therapeutic effect of high-dose intravenous vitamin C (HDIVC) in patients with COVID-19 | 8 | Clinical trial, Retrospective studies | Cochrane Collaboration tool Newcastle–Ottawa scale | PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science | High-dose IV vitamin C does not significantly reduce mortality rate and length of hospitalization |
8 | Grove, Amy. [20] | 2021 | Vitamin D and COVID infection | 4 | Cross sectional, Retrospective cohort, Case–control | Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist | MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, MedRxiv, and BioRxiv | No association between ethnicity and vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 |
9 | Beran, Azizullah. [21] | 2022 | Micronutrient supplements and COVID infection | 26 | Clinical trial, Retrospective cohort, Observational, | Jadad composite scale, Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale | PUBMED/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane | Vitamin C supplements: no significant effect on mortality, intubation rate, and length of hospital stay (LOS) in COVID-19/ vitamin D supplementation: no significant effect on mortality, a significant reduction in intubation rate and LOS, Zinc supplementation: no significant effect on mortality |
10 | Khoiroh, Mawadatul. [22] | 2021 | Vitamin D in reducing the clinical impact of COVID-19 | 6 | Clinical trial, Quasi-experimental, Cohort | Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool | Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PUBMED | Significant relationship between the administration of vitamin D and length of hospital stay, ICU stay, cure rate, severity, mortality, and signs of inflammation |
11 | Varikasuvu, Seshadri Reddy.[23] | 2022 | Evaluate the use of vitamin D intervention on COVID-19 outcomes | 6 | Clinical trial | Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool | PubMed, Cochrane library, and ClinicalTrials.gov | Overall outcomes: beneficial use of vitamin D intervention in COVID-19 (relative risk, RR = 0.60)/ no statistical significance was observed for individual outcomes of ICU care and mortality/ RT-CR positivity was significantly decreased in the intervention group |
12 | Beran, Azizullah Beran. [24] | 2021 | Effect of vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc on mortality in COVID-19 | 16 | NA | NA | PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library | Both vitamin C and D did not significantly reduce mortality/ zinc reduced mortality significantly |
13 | Lim [25] | 2021 | Associations between micronutrient supplementation or deficiency, with novel coronavirus incidence and disease severity | 52 | Cohort, Case control, Cross-sectional, Clinical trial | National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) quality assessment tool | Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus, and CINAHL | Without micronutrient deficiency is associated with reduced odds of COVID-19 incidence, ICU admissions, or severe/critical disease onset when combined as a severity outcome/ insignificant effect on mortality, ICU admission, progression to respiratory-related complications, severe/critical disease onset or requiring respiratory support and hospitalization rate |
14 | Dissanayake, Harsha Anuruddhika. [26] | 2022 | Association between vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and susceptibility to COVID-19, its severity, mortality, and role of vitamin D in its treatment | 76 | Observational, Clinical trial | Newcastle and Ottawa scales, AUB KQ1 Cochrane tool | CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science | Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency increased the odds of developing COVID-19 severe disease, and death/ Vitamin D concentrations were lower in severe COVID-19 and in non-survivors/ non-significant association between vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and death |
15 | Khokher, Waleed. [27] | 2021 | Role of high-dose vitamin C (HDVC) in reducing mortality, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and length of hospital stay | 4 | Clinical trial, Retrospective | NA | PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane | No significant effect on mortality, length of hospital stay/ significantly increased length of ICU stay |
16 | Petrelli, Fausto. [28] | 2021 | Association between vitamin D and risk, severity, and mortality for COVID-19 infection | 43 | Retrospective, Observational | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale checklist | PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE | Vitamin D deficiency: significantly increased risk of infection, worse severity, and higher mortality |
17 | Ghasemian, Roya. [29] | 2021 | Role of vitamin D in the COVID-19 | 11 | Retrospective, Prospective | Newcastle–Ottawa Scale checklist | PubMed, Scopus, Embase Web of Science up | Vitamin D deficiency: Higher odds of infection, a higher chance of severe COVID-19, no change in mortality |
18 | James, Philip T. [30] | 2021 | How malnutrition across all its forms may influence both susceptibility to, and progression of, COVID-19 | 139 | NA | NA | PubMed, EMBASE, and Clinical trial registry | NA |
19 | da Silva Toscano, Gislani Acásia. [31] | 2021 | Vitamin C and D supplementation and the severity of COVID-19 | NA | Case control | National Institutes of Health (2014). Quality Assessment Tool for case–control studies | PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect | Supplements of vitamins D and C are effective in reducing the severity of COVID-19 |
20 | Decyk, Agnieszka. [32] | 2022 | Vitamin D in SARS-COV-2 infection | NA | NA | NA | PubMed and Scopus | Vitamin D plays an important role in the mechanisms of innate immunity in the course of acute respiratory infections |
21 | Bania, Angelina. [33] | 2022 | Therapeutic Vitamin D Supplementation Following COVID-19 | 11 | Randomized controlled trials, Prospective and retrospective observational studies, case–control studies, and case series | RoB, MINORS | PubMed and Scopus | 25(OH)D3 (calcifediol) is by far the most successful agent in reducing intensive care needs and mortality |
22 | Hariyanto, Timotius Ivan. [34] | 2022 | Vitamin D supplementation and Covid‐19 outcomes | 11 | ClinicalTrials | NOS | PubMed, Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov | Vitamin D supplementation offers beneficial effects on COVID‐19 outcomes |
23 | Pal, R. [35] | 2021 | Vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in COVID‑19 | 13 | Prospective or retrospective, cohort or case–control design, randomized controlled trials | NOS | PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science | Vitamin D supplementation is associated with improved clinical outcomes in terms of ICU admission and/or mortality, especially in those with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalization |
24 | Gilani, Sadaf Jamal. [36] | 2022 | Reduce complications of COVID-19 through vitamin D | 118 | Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis | NA | Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, and Web of Science | Vitamin D attenuates COVID-19 complications via modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, antiviral proteins, and autophagy |
25 | Rawat, Dimple. [37] | 2021 | Vitamin C and COVID-19 treatment | 6 | ClinicalTrials | GRADE-PRO | PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar | There is no benefit to prescribing vitamin C in COVID-19 |
26 | Scarpellini, Emidio.[38] | 2022 | Zinc and gut microbiota in health and gastrointestinal disease under the COVID-19 | NA | Original articles, reviews, meta‐analyses, and case series | NA | PubMed and Medline | Zinc is effective in modulating intestinal microbiota in gastrointestinal diseases |
27 | Balboni, Erica.[39] | 2022 | Zinc and selenium supplementation in COVID-19 prevention and treatment | 22 | Clinical Trials | NA | Pubmed, Scopus | Selenium supplementation does not affect COVID-19 |
28 | Huang Y [40] | 2023 | summarizes the macronutrient and micronutrient requirements and therapeutic effects in critically ill patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 | 10 | Randomized control trials | NA | PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane | Preliminary result suggests that ω‐3 fatty acids may protect against renal and respiratory impairments. The therapeutic effects of group B vitamins and vitamin Cannot be ascertained, although intravenous vitamin C appears promising in reducing mortality and inflammation |