Table 3 Association of the risk factors in children with myopia aged 5–12 years using univariate logistic regression analysis

Gender

 Male

1

1

 Female

1.017 [0.965, 1.070]

0.5325

0.957 [0.904, 1.012]

0.1252

Age (years)

 5–6

1

1

 7–8

2.055 [1.880, 2.248]

 < .0001

2.066 [1.888, 2.260]

 < .0001

 9–10

4.887 [4.457, 5.358]

 < .0001

4.935 [4.495, 5.418]

 < .0001

 11–12

11.293 [10.225, 12.474]

 < .0001

11.538 [10.385, 12.819]

 < .0001

BMI (kg/m²)

1.093 [1.083, 1.102]

 < .0001

0.988 [0.979, 0.997]

0.0130

Parental myopia

 Father

1.461 [1.355, 1.576]

0.1117

1.923 [1.770, 2.090]

 < .0001

 Mother

1.397 [1.301, 1.499]

0.8612

1.725 [1.597, 1.864]

0.0087

 Both parents

1.896 [1.771, 2.030]

 < .0001

2.038 [1.889, 2.197]

 < .0001

 Neither of the parents

1

1

Near work

 ≤ 2 h/day

1

1

 3 h/day

1.382 [1.295, 1.474]

 < .0001

1.246 [1.160, 1.338]

 < .0001

 ≥ 4 h/day

1.030 [0.968, 1.096]

 < .0001

0.625 [0.582, 0.670]

 < .0001

Household income

 Low

1

1

 Middle

1.271 [1.133, 1.426]

0.5292

1.365 [1.204, 1.549]

0.3384

 High

1.689 [1.500, 1.901]

 < .0001

1.733 [1.524, 1.971]

 < .0001

Residence

 Urban

1.098 [1.041, 1.160]

0.0007

1.085 [1.023, 1.150]

0.0066

 Rural

1

1

SHS exposure

 Yes

0.455 [0.402, 0.515]

 < .0001

0.299 [0.260, 0.343]

 < .0001

 No

0.691 [0.651, 0.733]

0.5645

0.635 [0.596, 0.677]

0.0008

 No one smokes indoors regularly at home

1

1

Urine cotinine (µg/mL)

1.006 [0.969, 1.045]

0.7489

0.941 [0.904, 0.980]

0.0032