Table 4 Caregiver burden and health-related quality of life among informal caregivers of older adults
Variables | Model 1 β (SE) | Model 2 β (SE) | Model 3 β (SE) | Model 4 | Final model | Collinearity statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tolerance | VIF | ||||||
Socio-ecological factors | |||||||
Caregiver burden | − .262 (.3138)*** | − .271 (.0129)*** | − .268 (.0129)*** | − .262 (.0127)*** | − .286 (.0123)*** | .886 | 1.129 |
Socio-economic status of caregivers | |||||||
Education | |||||||
No formal education | − 2.939 (.3937)*** | − 2.608(.3989)*** | − 1.429 (.4251)*** | − 1.204 (.4085)** | .722 | 1.385 | |
Primary | − 3.428 (.5296)*** | − 3.201 (.5291)*** | − 2.673 (.5306)*** | − 2.390 (.5099)*** | |||
Junior high school | − 1.831 (.4031)*** | − 1.754(.4014)*** | − 1.544 (.4045)*** | − 1.113 (.3903)** | |||
Senior high school | − .345(.4023) | − .292 (.4001) | − .581 (.3960) | − .451 (.3804) | |||
Tertiary (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
Employment | |||||||
Unemployed | 404 (.2647) | .392 (.2632) | − .192 (.2798) | -.373 (.2694) | .903 | 1.108 | |
Employed (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
Living arrangements | |||||||
No | .005 (.3064) | .023(.3048) | .127 (.2990) | .226 (.2876) | .965 | 1.036 | |
Yes (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
Income (GH¢) (monthly) | |||||||
Less than 1000 | .214(.4843) | .320 (.4819) | − .090 (.4720) | .049 (.4534) | .936 | 1.068 | |
1000–1999 | .002 (.5500) | .011 (.5471) | .015 (.5339) | − .042 (.5129) | |||
2000 or above (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
Enrolment in health insurance scheme | |||||||
No | .365 (.2984) | .410 (.2975) | .076 (.2967) | − .339 (.2872) | .878 | 1.139 | |
Yes (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
Cultural factors | |||||||
Ethnicity | |||||||
Akan (ref) | .775 (.4014) | 1.117 (.3935)** | .802 (.3789)* | .798 | 1.253 | ||
Non-Akan | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Religion | |||||||
Christianity | 2.775 (.7584)*** | 3.082 (.7464)*** | 2.572 (.7234)*** | .775 | 1.290 | ||
Islam | 2.599 (.8460)** | 2.798 (.8273)*** | 2.244 (.8011)** | ||||
African Traditional Religion | .488 (1.6295) | .738 (1.5897) | 1.626 (.8011) | ||||
No religion (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Demographic factors of caregivers | |||||||
Age (years) | |||||||
18–24 | 4.371 (.6456)*** | 2.960 (.6306)*** | .763 | 1.311 | |||
25–34 | 3.023 (.5931)*** | 1.728 (.5794)** | |||||
35–44 | 2.615 (.5940)*** | 1.604 (.5764)** | |||||
45–54 | .979(.5997) | .198 (.5796) | |||||
55–64 | .213 (.6561) | − .364 (.6322) | |||||
65 or above (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
Gender | |||||||
Male | .468 (.2826) | .246 (.2721) | .888 | 1.126 | |||
Female (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
Place of residence | |||||||
Rural | .096 (.2470) | .102 (.2377) | .927 | 1.079 | |||
Urban (ref) | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
Healthcare factors of caregivers | |||||||
Healthcare utilization | |||||||
None | 4.786 (.4610)*** | ||||||
Once | 2.985 (.5275)*** | ||||||
2 times | 2.502 (.4989)*** | .880 | 1.136 | ||||
3 times | 1.599 (.5832)** | ||||||
4 times | 1.635 (.7556)* | ||||||
5 or more times (ref) | 0.00 | ||||||
Model fitness | |||||||
Likelihood ratio Chi-square (p value) | 383.983*** | 490.024*** | 514.213*** | 614.767*** | 766.808*** | ||
Wald Chi-square (p value) | 17,377.111*** | 10,447.535*** | 4983.153*** | 4882.900*** | 5190.915*** | ||