Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Age

58.6 (11.9)

56.9 (11.2)

70.0 (10.1)

Male, n(%)

1391 (48.1%)

1211 (48.2%)

180 (47.6%)

Race, n(%)

 Hispanic white

275 (9.52%)

250 (9.96%)

25 (6.61%)

 Non-Hispanic white

1303 (45.1%)

1075 (42.8%)

228 (60.3%)

 Non-Hispanic black

569 (19.7%)

510 (20.3%)

59 (15.6%)

 Other race

742 (25.7%)

676 (26.9%)

66 (17.5%)

Ratio of family income to poverty:

 <  = 1.30

802 (30.0%)

694 (29.9%)

108 (30.3%)

 1.30–3.5

930 (34.8%)

792 (34.0%)

141 (39.6%)

 >  = 3.5

942 (35.2%)

835 (36.0%)

107 (30.1%)

BMI

28.5 (5.60)

28.7 (5.73)

27.3 (4.47)

Hypertension, n(%)

1735 (60.8%)

1434 (57.8%)

301 (80.3%)

Diabetes mellitus, n(%)

584 (20.6%)

456 (18.5%)

128 (34.3%)

Dyslipidemia, n(%)

1142 (40.6%)

913 (37.4%)

229 (61.7%)

Physical activity n(%)

 Active

551 (26.2%)

467 (25.0%)

84 (35.4%)

 Inactive

1556 (73.8%)

1403 (75.0%)

153 (64.6%)

Smoking status, n(%)

 Never

1558 (53.9%)

1402 (55.9%)

156 (41.3%)

 Former

804 (27.8%)

664 (26.5%)

140 (37.0%)

 Current

526 (18.2%)

444 (17.7%)

82 (21.7%)

Drinker, n(%)

 None

130 (6.77%)

90 (5.38%)

40 (16.0%)

 Moderate

1592 (82.9%)

1406 (84.1%)

186 (75.2%)

 Heavy

198 (10.3%)

176 (10.5%)

22 (8.80%)

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1967 (812)

1992 (820)

1803 (736)

α-Carotene intake (μg/kg per day)

1.23 (0.33, 6.86)

1.35 (0.37, 7.68)

0.65 (0.10, 2.43)

β-Carotene intake (μg/kg per day)

15.51 (5.72, 35.52)

17.18 (6.23, 41.97)

7.72 (3.29, 21.72)

β-cryptoxanthin intake (μg/kg per day)

0.58 (0.19, 1.36)

0.61 (0.19, 1.47)

0.39 (0.14, 0.87)

Lycopene intake (μg/kg per day)

27.99 (6.82, 76.06)

30.78 (8.21, 81.35)

10.88 (0.02, 35.62)

Lutein with zeaxanthin intake

(μg/kg per day)

11.37 (6.16, 22.26)

11.71 (6.73, 22.50)

8.85 (4.11, 20.26)

Total carotene intake (μg/kg per day)

84.87 (41.93, 163.40)

92.70 (45.89, 175.68)

48.96 (25.71, 48.96)