Table 2 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios with 95% CIs of severe AAC based on quartiles of five carotenoids and total of them

α-carotene intake

 Quartile 1

 < 0.33

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Quartile 2

0.33 to < 1.23

0.50 (0.38–0.67)*

0.63 (0.46–0.87)*

0.63 (0.38–1.06)

 Quartile 3

1.23 to < 6.86

0.67 (0.50–0.88)*

0.62 (0.46–0.84)*

0.62 (0.37–1.02)*

 Quartile 4

at least 6.86

0.25 (0.17–0.35)*

0.35 (0.24–0.51)*

0.53 (0.23–0.77)*

β-carotene intake

 Quartile 1

 < 5.73

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Quartile 2

5.73 to < 15.51

0.57 (0.43–0.76)*

0.59 (0.44–0.80)*

0.68 (0.38–1.24)

 Quartile 3

15.51 to < 39.51

0.36 (0.26–0.50)*

0.47 (0.33–0.65)*

0.42 (0.21–0.82)*

 Quartile 4

at least 39.51

0.31 (0.22–0.43)*

0.55 (0.39–0.79)*

0.39 (0.19–0.80)*

β-cryptoxanthin intake

 Quartile 1

 < 0.19

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Quartile 2

0.19 to < 0.58

1.09 (0.82–1.45)

0.92 (0.72–1.34)

0.72 (0.40–1.27)

 Quartile 3

0.58 to < 1.36

0.91 (0.68–1.22)

0.88 (0.64–1.21)

0.59 (0.28–1.22)*

 Quartile 4

at least 1.36

0.37 (0.26–0.54)*

0.42 (0.28–0.61)*

0.18 (0.05–0.62)*

Lycopene intake

 Quartile 1

 < 6.81

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Quartile 2

6.81 to < 27.80

0.63 (0.48–0.83)*

0.89 (0.67–1.20)

0.73 (0.45–1.18)

 Quartile 3

27.80 to < 76.06

0.33 (0.24–0.45)*

0.58 (0.41–0.81)*

0.53 (0.30–0.94)*

 Quartile 4

at least 76.06

0.27 (0.19–0.38)*

0.49 (0.34–0.71)*

0.40 (0.20–0.78)*

Lutein with zeaxanthin intake

 Quartile 1

 < 6.16

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Quartile 2

6.16 to < 11.37

0.51 (0.38–0.69)*

0.65 (0.47–0.90)*

0.57 (0.33–1.01)

 Quartile 3

11.37 to < 22.26

0.45 (0.33–0.61)*

0.53 (0.38–0.73)*

0.57 (0.33–0.98)*

 Quartile 4

at least 22.26

0.53 (0.39–0.71)*

0.62 (0.45–0.85)*

0.53 (0.32–0.88)*

Total carotene intake

 Quartile 1

 < 41.93

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Quartile 2

41.93 to < 84.86

0.59 (0.45–0.78)*

0.75 (0.56–1.01)

1.01 (0.63–1.61)

 Quartile 3

84.86 to < 163.40

0.41 (0.31–0.55)*

0.64 (0.46–0.88)*

0.57 (0.33–1.01)

 Quartile 4

at least 163.40

0.18 (0.13–0.27)*

0.34 (0.23–0.51)*

0.38 (0.18–0.77)*