Fig. 2

Dose–response relationship between serum 25(OH)D and the risk of all-cause death as well as cardiovascular disease (CVD) death. Restricted cubic spline model was adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, marital status, smoking status, drinking status, sedentary activity, total energy intake, sodium intake, potassium intake, overweight/obesity, vitamin D supplement use, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, heart failure, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer