Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (n = 4345)†
Characteristics | Severe deficiency | Moderate deficiency | Insufficient | Sufficient | p-values | Adjusted p-values‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations | < 25 nmol/L | 25–49.9 nmol/L | 50–74.9 nmol/L | ≥ 75 nmol/L | ||
Sample size | 201 | 1245 | 1694 | 1205 | ||
Age, years | 38.7 ± 15.2 | 42.6 ± 15.5 | 44.9 ± 15.6 | 49.5 ± 16.7 | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Men, n (%) | 115 (56.2) | 757 (59.8) | 1124 (66.0) | 677 (55.3) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 | ||||
Hispanic | 39 (18.5) | 382 (21.5) | 519 (16.6) | 180 (5.7) | ||
White | 25 (19.4) | 330 (47.6) | 800 (70.8) | 850 (87.4) | ||
Black | 115 (50.4) | 401 (22.6) | 227 (6.6) | 83 (2.5) | ||
Other | 22 (11.7) | 132 (8.3) | 148 (6.0) | 92 (4.5) | ||
Education, n (%) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 | ||||
Less than high school | 53 (21.9) | 334 (20.6) | 457 (18.1) | 221 (12.6) | ||
High school | 56 (29.3) | 317 (25.3) | 365 (21.9) | 260 (20.8) | ||
More than high school | 92 (48.8) | 594 (54.1) | 872 (60.0) | 724 (66.6) | ||
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 | ||||
Married | 81 (40.5) | 685 (55.9) | 1102 (66.2) | 789 (69.4) | ||
Separated | 42 (20.1) | 237 (17.8) | 297 (15.6) | 250 (16.7) | ||
Never married | 78 (39.4) | 323 (26.3) | 295 (18.3) | 166 (13.9) | ||
Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 | ||||
Current | 68 (36.4) | 333 (26.4) | 373 (22.5) | 233 (18.5) | ||
Former | 25 (10.2) | 220 (17.6) | 426 (24.3) | 335 (28.4) | ||
Never | 108 (53.5) | 692 (56.0) | 895 (53.2) | 637 (53.1) | ||
Drinker, n (%) | 141 (73.4) | 937 (78.9) | 1313 (81.6) | 948 (84.3) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Overweight/obesity, n (%) | 148 (71.3) | 963 (78.7) | 1315 (79.1) | 773 (66.1) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 15 (5.9) | 169 (10.7) | 151 (6.7) | 88 (4.9) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 23 (12.6) | 256 (19.8) | 398 (24.5) | 381 (31.1) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Heart failure, n (%) | 4 (1.4) | 21 (1.7) | 16 (0.8) | 20 (1.1) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 3 (1.1) | 20 (1.2) | 29 (1.7) | 32 (1.6) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Stroke, n (%) | 2 (0.7) | 18 (1.5) | 21 (1.0) | 26 (1.5) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Cancer, n (%) | 6 (4.7) | 49 (4.1) | 118 (7.2) | 152 (11.9) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Sedentary activity, hours/d | 6.5 ± 3.2 | 6.3 ± 3.5 | 6.0 ± 3.3 | 5.9 ± 3.3 | 0.0064 | 0.1152 |
Total energy intake, kcal/d | 2116.7 ± 1057.2 | 2225.0 ± 947.1 | 2278.8 ± 874.8 | 2263.0 ± 967.4 | 0.1631 | 0.1631 |
Sodium intake, mg/d | 3424.0 ± 1713.1 | 3718.9 ± 1725.0 | 3736.4 ± 1593.7 | 3651.3 ± 1706.6 | 0.1159 | 0.1227 |
Potassium intake, mg/d | 2375.0 ± 1103.0 | 2563.7 ± 1063.9 | 2790.0 ± 1088.9 | 2975.1 ± 1189.5 | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |
Vitamin D supplement use, n (%) | 17 (11.3) | 157 (12.5) | 488 (28.3) | 629 (52.1) | < 0.0001 | 0.0018 |