Table 1 Details of selected studies

I

Biological

1

Genetics

Ziegler et al. [24]

Nikpay et al. [25]

Dent et al. [26]

Reinhardt et al. [27]

Krakoff et al. [28]

2

Anthropometry

Westerterp [29]

Heymsfield et al. [30]

Ten Hoor et al. [31]

Tryon et al. [32]

Bautista-Castano et al. [33]

Dishman and Gettman [34]

Epstein et al. [35]

King et al. [36]

Kriska et al. [37]

Lenoir et al. [21]

3

Metabolic

Dulloo and Schutz [38]

Müller et al. [39]

Martins et al. [40]

Hall et al. [41]

Björntorp et al. [42]

Löfgren et al. [43]

Maclean et al. [19]

Bi et al. [44]

Chandler et al. [45]

Morton et al. [46]

Rosenbaum et al. [47]

II

Medical

1

Hypothyroidism and underactive thyroid

Chaker et al. [48]

Garber et al. [49]

Al-Adsani et al. [50]

Ríos-Prego et al. [51]

Fox et al. [52]

Manji et al. [53]

Song et al. [54]

2

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Barber et al. [55]

Lim et al. [56]

Kataoka et al. [57]

Nikokavoura et al. [58]

3

Contraceptive use

Mayeda et al. [59]

Caldwell et al. [60]

4

Medications

Russell-Jones and Khan [61]

Shi et al. [65]

Gafoor et al. [66]

Olguner et al. [67]

Gammone et al. [64]

Lamont et al. [62]

Lee et al. [63]

5

Surgery

Jirapinyo et al. [68]

Bohdjalian et al. [69]

Santo et al. [70]

Zalesin et al. [71]

Gualano et al. [74]

6

Vitamin D

Arunabh et al. [76]

Parikh et al. [77]

Mason et al. [78]

Zittermann et al. [79]

III

Interventional factors

1

Dietary adherence

Gibson and Sainsbury [80]

Dansinger et al. [81]

Alhassan et al. [82]

Del Corral et al. [83]

World Health Organization [84]

Rogers et al. [85]

Grave et al. [86]

Dombrowski et al. [87]

Franz et al. [88]

Del Corral et al. [89]

Klein et al. [90]

Burke et al. [91]

Ayele et al. [92]

Desroches et al. [93]

a

Intensity of Energy Deficit

Koliaki et al. [94]

Parretti et al. [95]

Greenberg et al. [96]

b

Short-term fluctuations

Kreitzman et al. [97]

Hall et al. [148]

Dansinger et al. [81]

2

Macronutrient-based diets

Bellissimo and Akhavan [99]

Moon and Koh. [100]

Wycherley et al. [101]

Halton and Hu [102]

Westerterp-Plantenga et al. [103]

van der Klaauw et al. [104]

Dashti et al. [105]

Hussain et al. [106]

Sato et al. [107]

Paoli [108]

Leidy et al. [110]

Hall et al. [109]

3

Confidence and bias

Rollwage et al. [111]

4

Perceived discrimination

Gudzune et al. [112]

Wee et al. [113]

IV

Lifestyle factors

1

Sleep deprivation

Wee et al. [113]

Nedeltcheva et al. [114]

Spiegel et al. [115]

Klok et al. [116]

Buchmann et al. [117]

Robertson et al. [118]

2

Circadian misalignment—sleep and meals

Johnston [119]

Oda [120]

Ruddick-Collins et al. [121]

Johnston et al. [122]

Buxton et al. [123]

Scheer et al. [124]

Garaulet et al. [125]

Jakubowicz et al. [126]

3

Hydration

Chang et al. [127]

Muckelbauer et al. [128]

Dennis et al. [130]

Daniels and Popkin [129]

Popkin et al. [131]

4

Alcohol

Siler et al. [132]

Kase et al. [133]

Stein and Friedmann, [134]

Chao et al. [135]

French et al. [136]

Levinson and Rodebaugh [137]

5

Psychological factors

Poraj-Weder et al. [138]

Blaine and Rodman [139]

Masheb et al. [140]

[141]

Sherwood et al. [142]

Chao et al. [143]

Herriot et al. [144]

Garip, and Yardley [145]

Raman et al. [146]

6

Ultra processed foods

Monteiro et al. [147]

Hall et al. [148]

Swan et al. [149]

Blundell et al. [150]

Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition [151]

Wiss et al. [152]

Shearrer et al. [153]

Van Itallie [154]

Wanders et al. [155]

Hervik and Svihus [156]

Rebello et al. [157]

Salleh et al. [158]

V

Environmental factors

1

Stress

Block et al. [159]

Tucker and Earl [160]

Cotter and Kelly [161]

Kivimäki et al. [162]

Fowler-Brown et al. [163]

Sims et al. [164]

Scott et al. [165]

Geiker et al. [166]

Pellegrini et al. [167]

Xenaki et al. [168]

2

Social support

Wing and Jeffery [169]

Hwang et al. [170]

3

Weather

Baranowski et al. [171]

Tucker and Gilliland [172]

Klenk et al. [173]

O’Neill et al. [174]

4

Pollutants

Brook et al. [175]

Dubowsky et al. [176]

Li et al. [177]

Ustulin et al. [178]

Ghosh et al. [179]

5

Plastics

Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. [180]

Wada et al. [181]

Lang et al. [182]

Darbre [183]

Shahnazaryan et al. [184]