Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
Variables | Total (n = 3180) | Non-MAFLD (n = 1408) | MAFLD (n = 1772) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), Mean (SE) | 46.98 (0.74) | 41.79 (0.99) | 51.25 (0.82) | t = − 8.50 | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | χ2 = 9.558 | 0.002 | |||
Male | 1605 (50.77) | 663 (46.02) | 942 (54.66) | ||
Female | 1575 (49.23) | 745 (53.98) | 830 (45.34) | ||
Race/Hispanic origin, n (%) | χ2 = 11.695 | 0.003 | |||
White | 1125 (63.95) | 462 (62.98) | 663 (64.76) | ||
Black | 812 (10.87) | 424 (13.01) | 388 (9.11) | ||
Other | 1243 (25.18) | 522 (24.01) | 721 (26.13) | ||
Education, n (%) | χ2 = 15.844 | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 9th grade/9–11th grade (including 12th grade with no diploma) | 549 (9.92) | 217 (8.52) | 332 (11.06) | ||
High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 754 (26.26) | 320 (23.48) | 434 (28.55) | ||
Some college or AA degree/college graduate or above | 1877 (63.82) | 871 (68.00) | 1006 (60.39) | ||
Marital status, n (%) | χ2 = 32.350 | < 0.001 | |||
Married/living with partner | 1872 (61.54) | 760 (53.85) | 1112 (67.85) | ||
Widowed/divorced/separated | 692 (19.02) | 288 (19.07) | 404 (18.98) | ||
Never married | 616 (19.44) | 360 (27.08) | 256 (13.16) | ||
Poverty income ratio, n (%) | χ2 = 1.904 | 0.386 | |||
0–1 | 505 (10.52) | 229 (9.40) | 276 (11.44) | ||
≥ 1 | 2271 (79.05) | 997 (80.58) | 1274 (77.78) | ||
Unknown | 404 (10.43) | 182 (10.01) | 222 (10.78) | ||
Smoking, n (%) | χ2 = 11.012 | 0.004 | |||
Never | 1848 (57.47) | 870 (62.15) | 978 (53.63) | ||
Smoking former | 751 (26.72) | 253 (21.58) | 498 (30.94) | ||
Smoking now | 581 (15.81) | 285(16.27) | 296 (15.43) | ||
Drinking, n (%) | χ2 = 0.422 | 0.516 | |||
No | 2762 (82.09) | 1228 (82.80) | 1534 (81.50) | ||
Yes | 418 (17.91) | 180 (17.20) | 238 (18.50) | ||
Physical activity, n (%) | χ2 = 9.867 | 0.007 | |||
< 450 MET·min/week | 283 (8.12) | 123 (6.22) | 160 (9.68) | ||
≥ 450 MET·min/week | 2180 (73.82) | 1003 (76.65) | 1177 (71.50) | ||
Unknown | 717 (18.06) | 282 (17.13) | 435 (18.82) | ||
Sedentary time, n (%) | χ2 = 4.403 | 0.036 | |||
< 4 h/day | 1012 (28.70) | 487 (31.76) | 525 (26.20) | ||
≥ 4 h/day | 2168 (71.30) | 921 (68.24) | 1247 (73.80) | ||
Diabetes, n (%) | χ2 = 100.858 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 2508 (84.51) | 1292 (95.10) | 1216 (75.82) | ||
Yes | 672 (15.49) | 116 (4.90) | 556 (24.18) | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | χ2 = 115.175 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1330 (47.36) | 802 (65.27) | 528 (32.66) | ||
Yes | 1850 (52.64) | 606 (34.73) | 1244 (67.34) | ||
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | χ2 = 108.862 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1037 (33.12) | 680 (49.59) | 357 (19.61) | ||
Yes | 2143 (66.88) | 728 (50.41) | 1415 (80.39) | ||
ALT (U/L), mean (SE) | 22.66 (0.47) | 18.91 (0.59) | 25.74 (0.59) | t = − 9.40 | < 0.001 |
ALP (IU/L), mean (SE) | 74.90 (0.61) | 71.52 (0.86) | 77.67 (0.73) | t = − 6.56 | < 0.001 |
AST (U/L), mean (SE) | 21.78 (0.38) | 20.85 (0.41) | 22.54 (0.48) | t = − 3.44 | 0.002 |
GGT (IU/L), mean (SE) | 28.48 (0.66) | 21.62 (0.54) | 34.11 (1.05) | t = − 10.70 | < 0.001 |
Chronic hepatitis B, n (%) | χ2 = 0.720 | 0.698 | |||
Negative | 234 (4.49) | 106 (4.34) | 128 (4.62) | ||
Positive | 19 (0.30) | 10 (0.39) | 9 (0.22) | ||
Unknown | 2927 (95.21) | 1292 (95.27) | 1635 (95.16) | ||
Chronic hepatitis C, n (%) | χ2 = 0.069 | 0.966 | |||
Negative | 3110 (98.29) | 1369 (98.31) | 1741 (98.27) | ||
Positive | 39 (1.10) | 22 (1.05) | 17 (1.14) | ||
Unknown | 31 (0.61) | 17 (0.64) | 14 (0.59) | ||
BMI, n (%) | χ2 = 369.964 | < 0.001 | |||
Overweight/normal weight | 851 (27.89) | 709 (53.90) | 142 (6.54) | ||
Overweight/obesity | 2329 (72.11) | 699 (46.10) | 1630 (93.46) | ||
Carbohydrate (g), n (%) | χ2 = 3.290 | 0.193 | |||
< 188.30 | 1145 (33.00) | 501 (35.13) | 644 (31.26) | ||
188.30–281.09 | 1022 (33.99) | 449 (33.65) | 573 (34.28) | ||
> 281.09 | 1013 (33.00) | 458 (31.22) | 555 (34.46) | ||
Fiber (g), n (%) | χ2 = 0.671 | 0.715 | |||
< 11.15 | 1157 (32.86) | 504 (31.97) | 653 (33.58) | ||
11.15–18.4 | 975 (34.12) | 432 (35.02) | 543 (33.37) | ||
> 18.4 | 1048 (33.02) | 472 (33.00) | 576 (33.04) | ||
CFR, n (%) | χ2 = 4.967 | 0.083 | |||
< 12.58 | 1023 (33.06) | 466 (36.03) | 557 (30.61) | ||
12.58–19.91 | 1065 (33.80) | 452 (33.38) | 613 (34.14) | ||
> 19.91 | 1092 (33.15) | 490 (30.59) | 602 (35.25) | ||
Energy, n (%) | χ2 = 15.738 | < .001 | |||
< 1709.00 | 1193 (33.00) | 539 (35.37) | 654 (31.05) | ||
1709.00–2481.31 | 1024 (33.99) | 458 (36.14) | 566 (32.23) | ||
≥ 2481.31 | 963 (33.01) | 411 (28.49) | 552 (36.71) | ||
Protein, n (%) | χ2 = 2.413 | 0.299 | |||
Deficient | 354 (10.83) | 170 (11.89) | 184 (9.96) | ||
Sufficient | 2808 (88.72) | 1230 (87.63) | 1578 (89.61) | ||
Excess | 18 (0.45) | 8 (0.48) | 10 (0.43) | ||
Fat, n (%) | χ2 = 0.445 | 0.800 | |||
Deficient | 138 (4.17) | 68 (4.52) | 70 (3.88) | ||
Sufficient | 1258 (40.13) | 576 (40.38) | 682 (39.92) | ||
Excess | 1784 (55.70) | 764 (55.10) | 1020 (56.19) |