Maternal–child consumption of ultra-processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages in informal settlements in Mumbai, India

Table 1 Child, mother, and family characteristics

Characteristic	Mean (SD) or %			N¹
Child demographics
Age (years)	3.9 (1.6)			749
% Male	54.6			746
Infant feeding practices
% Mixed breast- and bottlefeeding	25.2			729
% Breastfed only²	68.0			730
Duration of breastfeeding (months)	21.9 (10.5)			539
% Bottlefed only²	3.7			730
% Sugary beverages in baby bottle	10.0			211
Duration of bottlefeeding (months)	19.9 (13.0)			150
Child nutrition status³	HAZ	BAZ	WAZ
% Undernutrition	40.1	15.6	40.7	729
% Overweight	–	1.0	–	729
% Obese	–	0.5	–	729
Mother demographics
Age (years)	27.5 (5.1)			514
Education level (years)	6.4 (4.0)			516
Number of children	2.3 (1.1)			517
Family characteristics
Number of household members	5.8 (2.3)			515
% giving children ≥ 10 rupees per day⁴	26.2			237
% living < 5 min’ walk to a store that sells UPF/SSB	81.0			515

¹Though total sample consisted of 749 children and 523 mothers, reported N reflects sample available for each characteristic given missing data
²%Bottlefed only refers to children who were only bottlefed (not breastfed or mixed bottlefed/breastfed). % Breastfed indicates the percentage of children who were only breastfed (not bottlefed or mixed bottlefed/breastfed)
³Undernutrition by HAZ, BAZ, and WAZ is measured by a Z-score ≤ − 2. Overweight is measured as BAZ > + 2 but less than or equal to + 3 for children under age five, and BAZ > + 1 but less than or equal to + 2 for children aged five and older. Obesity is measured as BAZ > + for children under age five, and BAZ > + 2 for children aged five and older
⁴10 rupees was approximately $0.20 USD per 2012 conversion rate

ISSN: 2072-1315