Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub

Association of dietary fats with ischemic heart disease (IHD): a case–control study

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition volume 43, Article number: 19 (2024) Cite this article

A Correction to this article was published on 16 April 2024

This article has been updated

Abstract

Background

This study aimed to investigate the association between different types of dietary fats with ischemic heart disease (IHD).

Methods

This case–control study was conducted on 443 cases and 453 controls aged 40–80 years in Tehran, Iran. The semi-quantitative 237-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the amount of food intake. Nutritionist IV was applied to test the amount of consumption of dietary fats.

Results

The case group had a lower intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (11.36 ± 12.58 vs. 14.19 ± 19.57, P = 0.01) than the control group. A negative association was found between IHD and DHA (OR 0.98, CI 95% 0.97–0.99, P = 0.01). No significant association was observed between IHD with the intake of cholesterol, trans fatty acids (TFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA), and α-Linolenic acid (ALA).

Conclusion

It was found that DHA may reduce the risk of IHD, whereas there was no significant association between other types of dietary fats with the odds of IHD. If the results of this study are confirmed in future research, a higher intake of DHA in diet can be recommended as a strategy to prevent IHD events.

Introduction

Among non-communicable illnesses, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for more than 70% of the global mortality [1]. Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease (CHD), is the most prevalent type of CVDs, produced by an is related to the creation of atherosclerosis [2]. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, IHD affects about 126 million people which is equal to 1.72% of the world’s population (1655 per 100,000). IHD was reported to be responsible for 9 million fatalities worldwide [3]. In Iran, the incidence rate reached 829.1 new cases (719.9–945.2) per 100,000 persons in 2019 [4]. Lifestyle management including having a healthy diet and proper physical activity, and also treatment of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and lipid disorders may prevent IHD [5].

The studies on the link between IHD and dietary fats reported contradictory results. For example, in China, dietary fat consumption grew from 15.9% of calories in 1982 to 21.1% in 1990 and in the meantime IHD incidence and death likewise increased [6]. An unmatched case–control study which was conducted in Ethiopia indicated that poor diets such as cooking with palm oil and consuming fewer fruits and vegetables were related to IHD [7]. Some types of fatty acids were reported to be associated with IHD [8]. For example, epidemiological studies found a link between n−3 fatty acid consumption and a lower risk of IHD. This impact may be caused by changes in eicosanoid production and cholesterol levels [9]. Some intervention studies have not found that n−3 fatty acids can reduce the risk of IHD, although monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were identified to have beneficial effects [10].

Furthermore, recent studies found that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) boost IHD risk, whereas poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may decrease the risk of IHD [11]. High PUFA/SFA rates in diets may reduce IHD risk by affecting serum cholesterol levels and blood pressure [12]. Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may also reduce inflammation and platelet aggregability and improve endothelial function and atherosclerotic plaque stability [13]. To our knowledge, no research assessed the connection between dietary fatty acids consumption with IHD in Middle Eastern diets which may differ substantially from Western norms. So, the current study was done to investigate the association between dietary fat intake and the risk of IHD among Iranian adults.

Methods

Data collection

This is a population-based case–control study conducted in Tehran, Iran, between February 2021 and January 2022. The cases (n = 453) with a medical record of stable IHD confirmed by the physician were selected using a consecutive sampling method. Individuals free of IHD who refer to the same hospital for general check-ups were chosen as the control group (n = 453). The study's sample size was determined using EPI online software [14].

First, the purpose of the research and how it will be carried out were explained to all participants and written consent forms were collected. Professional interviewers gathered patients' general information on medical history, anthropometric indices, physical activity, and food intake. The ethics committee of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences confirmed the study protocol (Code: IR.SBMU.NNFTRI.REC.1400.030).

Inclusion criteria for the case group were patients with IHD, no more than 3 months have passed since the diagnosis of the disease, written consent to participate, and age between 40 and 80. The inclusion criteria for the control group were the absence of IHD and an age range of 40 to 80 years. The non-entry criteria for were a history of diseases affecting food intake including mental illnesses, cancer, and malignant diseases. Exclusion criteria were not completion of the study (n = 10) and adherence to a diet, medication or supplement that interferes with the amount of dietary fat intake (n = 10). A total of 433 cases and 453 controls were included in final analyses.

Anthropometric indices

The individual was weighed in minimal clothing and bare feet using a digital scale (SECA, Hamburg, Germany) accurate to the nearest 0.1 kg. Height was taken using a stadiometer mounted on the wall, and the result was accurate to within 0.5 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was determined using the following formula: BMI = weight/height2 (kg/m2).

Physical activity

A short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to measure physical activity levels. The IPAQ consisted of seven questions. Overall, the questions assessed the number of days and minutes spent participating in light and heavy activities and the average time spent walking and sitting during the previous seven days. The metabolic equivalent of the task (MET) was used to measure and compare participants' levels of activity.

Pathologic and biochemical assessment

In this study, diagnostic categories associated with clinical diagnosis (CD) based on the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) (CD-ICD-10) were used to identify hospitalized IHD patients [15]. Biochemical and pathological measurements were collected to compare the health status of two groups.

Assessment of dietary intake

A validated semi-quantitative 237-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the amount of food intake and the form of consumption of various foods [16]. The FFQ data were scaled down to grams and the participants’ intake of total fat, cholesterol, trans fatty acids (TFA), SFA, MUFA, PUFA, α-Linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were measured using Nutritionist IV.

Statistical analysis

Quantitative information was described using mean and standard deviation and qualitative information was described using number and percentage, which were compared between the groups using the independent t test and chi-square test, respectively. The IHD status was considered as the dependent variable and dietary fat consumption was considered as the independent variable in the logistic regression method, which was used in different models to control the confounding factors. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and a P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. The cases had lower red blood cell (RBC) (4.86 ± 1.66 vs. 4.96 ± 1.52, P < 0.01) and higher white blood cell (WBC) (6.67 ± 0.53 vs. 6.32 ± 0.56, P < 0.01) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (121.11 ± 37.36vs. 107.96 ± 43.20, P < 0.01) than the controls. There was no significant difference in terms of body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking alcohol, right systolic blood pressure (SBP1), right diastolic blood pressure (DBP1), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit test (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

Table 1 Characteristics of the participants
Full size table

A comparison of dietary intake among the case and control groups is presented in Table 2. The case group had a lower intake of DHA (11.36 ± 12.58 vs. 14.19 ± 19.57, P = 0.01) than the control group. No significant difference was found in terms of the intake of calorie, protein, total fat, carbohydrate, micronutrients, and other types of dietary fats.

Table 2 Dietary nutrient intake among the ischemic heart disease (IHD) and the control groups
Full size table

The association between IHD and different types of dietary fats is shown in Table 3. A negative association was found between IHD and DHA (OR 0.98, CI 95% 0.98, CI 95% 0.97–0.99, P = 0.01). The association remained significant after adjustment for age, and gender (Model 2), additional adjustment for total fat and energy (Model 3), additionally adjustment for BMI (Model 4), and further adjustment for smoking, use alcohol, and physical activity (Model 5).

Table 3 Logistic regression of the association between ischemic heart disease (IHD) and dietary fats
Full size table

age and sex, and additional adjustment for dietary calorie and total fat, BMI, smoking, and drinking alcohol. No significant relationship was observed between the intakes of cholesterol, SFA, MUFA, with IHD (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

The association between Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) with dietary fatty acids

Full size image

Discussion

The present study found that consuming DHA may reduce the risk of IHD by 2%. However, we found no evidence of an association between IHD with other dietary fat such as SFA, TFA, MUFA, PUFA, ALA, and EPA.

In line with the present result, some previous studies reported that n−3 FAs may have a beneficial impact on the risk of cardiovascular death in patients with IHD [17]. Several studies showed that omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA (a prominent kind of n−3 FA in fish oil) and ALA (the most frequent type of n−3 FAs in plant oils), may have a significant role in prevention of cardiovascular diseases [18, 19]. One possible mechanism is that DHA reduces blood pressure in both the normotensive [20, 21] and hypertensive [22] individuals [23, 24]. Also, considering the association between left ventricular (LV) function and atherosclerotic coronary disease in patients with IHD [25], an experimental study showed that supplementation with DHA substantially decreased LV dysfunction after 12 weeks [26]. Since DHA is known to decrease smooth muscle cell proliferation in cell culture, the mechanism of DHA-mediated athero-protection may be related to blood flow patterns and wall shear stress (WSS) that influence inflammation both locally and at distant atheroprone sites [17, 27, 28]. Furthermore, the acute coronary syndromes (ACS) caused by a rupture of the plaque’s fibrous cap have both been linked to DHA deficiency-induced inflammation [28]. Despite the proposed effect of DHA on IHD, some studies reported contradictory result. For example, Xu et al. reported opposite results in a randomized trial [29]. Also, another RCT showed that treatment with n-3 PUFAs (1 g DHA + EPA daily, with a median of 5 years of follow-up) did not reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors [30].

On the other hand, higher intake of SFA is frequently reported to be a risk factor of IHD as a pro-atherogenic factor [31]. However, this study failed to identify a significant relation, other studies indicated that there is SFA had an adverse effect on IHD by increasing the total blood cholesterol concentration [32] and eventually increase the risk of ischemic stroke [33,34,35]. In line with the present study, some studies found no association between IHD and SFA [36, 37]. For example, Praagman et al. in a cohort study showed that there is no relation between higher intake of SFA and risk of IHD and suggested that this association was determined by the length of the SFA chain and the source of the SFAs. A lower IHD risk was associated with higher intakes of the sum of butyric acid, capric acid, myristic acid, the sum of pentacyclic and margaric acids, and also with SFAs from dairy sources (milk and milk products, cheese, and butter) [38].

In addition, the present result failed to show evidence of the association of PUFA, MUFA, and TFA with IHD. A possible explanation for the present result is the consumption of MUFA and PUFA is low among the Iranian population [39]. Another possible reason is that certain foods that Iranians consume contain both TFA and PUFA and these two may counteract each other's effects in IHD [40].

The strengths of this study include a reasonable sample size, multiple adjustments for relevant confounders, evaluation of a less studied population, and using a validated FFQ with 237 items. However, this study had some limitations. First, this study was conducted among Iranian adults, so generalization to other populations should be made with caution. Second, although the association of IHD and dietary intake of DHA was statistically significant, the OR was closed to 1, which may indicate no clinically relationship. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these findings and prove whether providing DHA in the form of food or supplements can be used as a nutritional recommendation for patients at risk of IHD.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it was found that DHA may reduce the risk of IHD, whereas no significant association between SFA, PUFA, MUFA, and TFA with the odds of IHD was realized. These findings need to be confirmed by future large-scale studies. If the results of this study are confirmed in future longitudinal studies, a higher intake of DHA in diet can be recommended as a strategy to prevent IHD events.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Change history

References

  1. Organization WH. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. World Heal Organ. 2010;53(9):1689–99.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yazdanyar A, Newman AB. The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25(4):563–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Khan MA, Hashim MJ, Mustafa H, Baniyas MY, Al Suwaidi S, AlKatheeri R, Alblooshi FMK, Almatrooshi M, Alzaabi MEH, Al Darmaki RS, et al. Global epidemiology of ischemic heart disease: results from the global burden of disease study. Cureus. 2020;12(7): e9349.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Koolaji S, Tehrani YS, Azadnajafabad S, Moghaddam SS, Shahin S, Ghamari A, Ahmadi N, Rezaei N, Keykhaei M, Tavolinejad H. A 30-year trend of ischemic heart disease burden in a developing country; a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019 in Iran. Int J Cardiol. 2023;379:127–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Buttar HS, Li T, Ravi N. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2005;10(4):229–49.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen J, Gao J. The Chinese total diet study in 1990. Part II Nutrients J AOAC Int. 1993;76(6):1206–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gebremedhin MH, Gebrekirstos LG. Dietary and behavioral risk factors of ischemic heart disease among patients of medical outpatient departments in southern ethiopia: unmatched case-control study. Integr Blood Press Control. 2021;14:123–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Borges MC, Schmidt AF, Jefferis B, Wannamethee SG, Lawlor DA, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Gaunt TR, Ben-Shlomo Y, Tillin T, et al. Circulating fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: individual participant data meta-analysis in up to 16 126 participants. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(5): e013131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. de Roos B, Mavrommatis Y, Brouwer IA. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: new insights into mechanisms relating to inflammation and coronary heart disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2009;158(2):413–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease: synopsis of the evidence available from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrients. 2012;4(12):1989–2007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Nettleton JA, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Hornstra G. Saturated fat consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: a science update. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;70(1):26–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Briggs MA, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM: Saturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: replacements for saturated fat to reduce cardiovascular risk. Healthcare (Basel) 2017, 5(2).

  13. Bird JK, Calder PC, Eggersdorfer M: The role of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease prevention, and interactions with statins. Nutrients 2018, 10(6).

  14. Camp B, Mandivarapu JK, Ramamurthy N, Wingo J, Bourgeois AG, Cao X, Sunderraman R. A new cross-platform architecture for epi-info software suite. BMC Bioinformatics. 2018;19:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Nouri F, Feizi A, Taheri M, Mohammadifard N, Khodarahmi S, Sadeghi M, Sarrafzadegan N: Temporal trends of the incidence of ischemic heart disease in Iran over 15 Years: A comprehensive report from a multi-centric hospital-based registry. Clin Epidemiol 2020:847–856.

  16. Eghtesad S, Hekmatdoost A, Faramarzi E, Homayounfar R, Sharafkhah M, Hakimi H, Dehghani A, Moosazadeh M, Mortazavi Z, Pasdar Y: Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire assessing food group intake in the PERSIAN Cohort Study. Front Nutrit 2023, 10.

  17. Yates CM, Calder PC, Ed Rainger G. Pharmacology and therapeutics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in chronic inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther. 2014;141(3):272–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Winnik S, Lohmann C, Richter EK, Schäfer N, Song WL, Leiber F, Mocharla P, Hofmann J, Klingenberg R, Borén J, et al. Dietary α-linolenic acid diminishes experimental atherogenesis and restricts T cell-driven inflammation. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(20):2573–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Vedtofte MS, Jakobsen MU, Lauritzen L, Heitmann BL. Dietary α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and n-3 long-chain PUFA and risk of ischemic heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(4):1097–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sanders TA, Vickers M, Haines AP. Effect on blood lipids and haemostasis of a supplement of cod-liver oil, rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, in healthy young men. Clin Sci (Lond). 1981;61(3):317–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ayer JG, Harmer JA, Xuan W, Toelle B, Webb K, Almqvist C, Marks GB, Celermajer DS. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in early childhood: effects on blood pressure and arterial structure and function at age 8 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(2):438–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang L, Manson JE, Forman JP, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Sesso HD. Dietary fatty acids and the risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women. Hypertension. 2010;56(4):598–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sagara M, Njelekela M, Teramoto T, Taguchi T, Mori M, Armitage L, Birt N, Birt C, Yamori Y. Effects of docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation on blood pressure, heart rate, and serum lipids in Scottish men with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011: 809198.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(7):885–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Kishi S, Magalhaes TA, George RT, Dewey M, Laham RJ, Niinuma H, Friedman LA, Cox C, Tanami Y, Schuijf JD, et al. Relationship of left ventricular mass to coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia: the CORE320 multicenter study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(2):166–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Alfaidi MA, Chamberlain J, Rothman A, Crossman D, Villa-Uriol MC, Hadoke P, Wu J, Schenkel T, Evans PC, Francis SE: Dietary docosahexaenoic acid reduces oscillatory wall shear stress, atherosclerosis, and hypertension, most likely mediated via an IL-1-mediated mechanism. J Am Heart Assoc 2018, 7(13).

  27. Augst AD, Ariff B, Mc GTSA, Xu XY, Hughes AD. Analysis of complex flow and the relationship between blood pressure, wall shear stress, and intima-media thickness in the human carotid artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;293(2):H1031-1037.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Libby P, Tabas I, Fredman G, Fisher EA. Inflammation and its resolution as determinants of acute coronary syndromes. Circ Res. 2014;114(12):1867–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Xu B, Xu Z, Xu D, Tan X. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on ischemic heart disease and cardiometabolic risk factors: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1):532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Roncaglioni MC, Tombesi M, Avanzini F, Barlera S, Caimi V, Longoni P, Marzona I, Milani V, Silletta MG, Tognoni G, et al. n-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(19):1800–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dec R. Zampolli A: Antiatherogenic effects of n-3 fatty acids - evidence and mechanisms. Heart Int. 2006;2(3–4):141.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet. Lancet. 1957;273(7003):959–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, Sherliker P, Emberson J, Halsey J, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007;370(9602):1829–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Iso H, Jacobs DR Jr, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(14):904–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cholesterol, diabetes and major cardiovascular diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Diabetologia 2007, 50(11):2289–2297.

  36. Cui R, Iso H, Toyoshima H, Date C, Yamamoto A, Kikuchi S, Kondo T, Watanabe Y, Koizumi A, Inaba Y, et al. Serum total cholesterol levels and risk of mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease in Japanese: the JACC study. Atherosclerosis. 2007;194(2):415–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Shahar E, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD, Boland LL, Ballantyne CM, McGovern PG, Sharrett AR. Plasma lipid profile and incident ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke. 2003;34(3):623–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Praagman J, Beulens JW, Alssema M, Zock PL, Wanders AJ, Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT. The association between dietary saturated fatty acids and ischemic heart disease depends on the type and source of fatty acid in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):356–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kimiagar SM, Ghaffarpour M, Houshiar Rad A, Hormozdyari H, Zellipour L: Food consumption pattern in the Islamic Republic of Iran and its relation to coronary heart disease. In.; 1998.

  40. Asgary S, Nazari B, Sarrafzadegan N, Parkhideh S, Saberi S, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Evaluation of fatty acid content of some Iranian fast foods with emphasis on trans fatty acids. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18:187–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank all the participants in this study for their good cooperation. This paper was taken from the approved research project of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Funding

Funding for this study was provided by National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Code 22450).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mobina Zeinalabedini

  2. School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Ladaninezhad

  3. Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan, Iran

    Khadijeh Abbasi Mobarakeh

  4. Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Anahita Hoshiar-Rad

  5. Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Soheila Shekari

  6. Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Ali Askarpour

  7. Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran

    Naeemeh Hassanpour Ardekanizadeh

  8. Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mina Esmaeili

  9. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, and National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Morteza Abdollahi

  10. Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Saeid Doaei

  11. Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

    Sara Khoshdooz

  12. Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Marjan Ajami

  13. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Gholamalizadeh

Authors
  1. Mobina Zeinalabedini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maryam Ladaninezhad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Khadijeh Abbasi Mobarakeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anahita Hoshiar-Rad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Soheila Shekari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Seyed Ali Askarpour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Naeemeh Hassanpour Ardekanizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mina Esmaeili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Morteza Abdollahi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Saeid Doaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Sara Khoshdooz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Marjan Ajami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Maryam Gholamalizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SD, MZ, ML, KHA, ME, SSH, AA, NH, AH and MA designed the study and were involved in the data collection, analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. SKh, SD, MAj and MGH were involved in the design of the study, analysis of the data, and critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Saeid Doaei or Marjan Ajami.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, approved the study (Ethics Code: IR.SBMU.CRC.REC.1398.445). All study participants signed a written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Institutional consent forms were used in this study.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original online version of this article was revised: the authors identified an error in the author name of Mobina Zeinalabedini

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zeinalabedini, M., Ladaninezhad, M., Mobarakeh, K.A. et al. Association of dietary fats with ischemic heart disease (IHD): a case–control study. J Health Popul Nutr 43, 19 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00489-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00489-w

Keywords

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

Contact us